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Sesquipedalian #28
the SESQUIPEDALIAN Volume VI, No. 28
\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/
Joan of Arc martyred (1431) May 30, 1996
ONLY THE NAMES HAVE BEEN CHANGED TO PROTECT THE INNOCENT
From the true files of the LINGUIST list
> LINGUIST List: Vol-7-578. Thu Apr 18 1996. ISSN: 1068-4875.
> Subject: 7.578, Disc: Gramatical gender and Ungrammatical sentences
> Editor for this issue: dizdar@tam2000.tamu.edu (Ann Dizdar)
>
> ---------------------------------Messages------------------------------
> 1)
> Date: Thu, 18 Apr 1996 10:32:37 +0400
> From: xxxxxx@xxxxx.xx.xx ("Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx")
> Subject: RUSSIAN GENDER, Gramatical gender and Ungrammatical
> sentences
>
> I thank A.W. and K.G. for the fact that they
> point on essential errors in my messages:
> 1) In messages LList 7-564 and 7-531 instead of Chechen it is
> necessary to read Czech language.
> 2) The character set "3D" and other is connected to wrong
> code conversion of symbols on accepting computer or impossibility
> it to accept Russian (cyrillic) text. As appear, your Makintos
> cannot "to speak" in Russian. The computers of firm IBM permit it
> to do.
> Therefore I repeat that not a fragment of a text
> "Availability or inavailability pronouns in Russian sentences is
> not connected with category of a gender."
>
> About GRAMMATIC GENDER
> 1) The history are already known vain endeavours of the
> people to dictate to natural language. Recollect events of French
> revolution (1798-1803). The new names of months had entered by
> dicret (the law). What was received from it?
> Such attempts were and in Russia in 1917-1930 years. The
> results are marked only in special literature as akkazionalizm. I
> do not speak about creativity of some writers. This special case.
>
> 2) At description another's (foreign) language we try to
> dress it in clothes of the native language, but we overlook, that
> the sizes, the forms and other are different. For this reason,
> when we, linguists, grou up and well brought up in sphere, spirit
> of language and representations about native language, try to fit
> on and to apply these norms to other language, comes to
> misunderstanding or crashing our representations about
> investigated language. In Russian language there is the proverb:
> "Don't push with your charter in another abbey".
>
> Therefore the fact, what is acceptable in any measure for
> Romance languages is acceptable to slavic languages in smaller
> measure or don't acceptable at all.
>
> "The putting on" of a Homsky,s and other American linguist's
> theorys on Russian language or other slavic language can bring
> mess, errors, but not true.
>
> The structure of Russian linguistics (and in number cases
> other slavic languages) can be presented in kind of the following
> scheme:
>
> 1) Phonetics and fonology.
> 2) Lexicon and lexilogy.
> 3) Word-formation.
> 4) Morfology (part of speech!!!)
> 5) Syntax
>
> Compere with scheme in Llis 7-552 Item 1
> Just in such sequence Russian language in maximum educational
> establishments (universities and institutes) is studied. Look
> structure of the Russian textbooks for students.
>
> At study of Russian language by the foreigners this principle
> of a sequence is infringed. For foreigner main is the
> communications, instead of structure of language. For this reason
> the structure of language is perceived as the secondary
> phenomenon.
>
> 3. If we speak about grammatic category of a gender, we
> should speak about "morfology" of this phenomenon, having removed
> in party other levels, but remembering about them.
>
> Pay attention to that fact, that the question about grammatic
> category of a gender are debating on the pages of a LINGUIS LIST
> in two directions:
> 1) Gramatical gender and
> 2) Ungrammatical sentences
>
> In both cases Russian language is frequently mentioned,
> examples from Russian language are given. So it very difficultly
> to explain (make clear) in English all those discrepancies in
> perception by you about Russian as SYSTEM'S LANGUAGE (see work
> Ferdinand de Sousure (? is it right ?).
> - --------
> Some remarks
>
> Re: 7.552, Disc: Ungrammatical sentences Item 1
> > I would define a morpheme as a phonetic string that has a gram-
> > matical function. This definition is no doubt controversial.
> > This definitial excludes suprasegmentals. Whatever we call sup-
> > rasegmentals, they must denote at least one grammatical feature.
>
> &
> (LList 7-567)
>
> > First, he claims that grammatical morphemes are often fraught
> > with semantic content. I have argued vigorously that this is not
> > the case; that the difference between semantic and grammatical
> > categories is sharp and clear and, if we define the terms we use
> > in discussing morphological (functional) categories, we may...
>
> Morphemes by its essense are different, but all of them have
> any significance. Including by significance of a grammatic Gender.
>
> For example:
> Russian language
> Suffix (morpheme) -ec and zero inflexional ending are
> connected as rule with category of a mas. Gender -- zelenec,
> samec, slepec an so on.
> If sombody want, to the end of May my students of the second
> year will finish course work about formal parameters of a Gender
> of nouns and we shall publish these data for you. The purpose of
> course work - creation of the computer programs, which on formal
> attributes (final morphems or "finalii") words defined their
> correlation with that or other Gender.
>
> Czech language
> Jel-i jsme do Prahy. 'They (man) have gone to Prague.'
> Jel-y jsme do Prahy. 'They (woman) have gone to Prague.'
>
> In Russian that translated as in English 'Oni pojehali v Pragu'.
> PAY ATTENTION: In Czech language pronouns are absence.
> Distinctions in statements are containig in different inflexional
> ending of a verb form i/y/. In writing form we can see, that in
> first case action make men, and in the second the acting persons
> are the woman. At pronunciation (in oral speech) these
> distinctions are lost, as both letters transfer same sound [i].
> Which significance in that examples is transferred by the
> letters i/y?
> - ---------
> > What is the meaning of the morphemes -at and -al in terms like
> > _dram-at-ic-al_?
>
> Are you sure, that thereis morpheme -at-? Are you mean a
> syllable? A syllable and morpheme are different concepts.
>
> - ----------
> Re: Comment of Mr. Or Mrs. (7-564):
> >> The gender of a noun in Russian is REVEALED by the gender form
> >> of the adjective and some verb forms it governs.
>
> That is for first-form boy or girl.
> For Russion linguist:
> The gender of a noun in Russian REVEAL or DETERMINE the
> gender form of the adjective and some verb forms.
>
> - -------
> All sentence was:
> >>> There are very few Russian neuter nouns denoting persons, and
> >>> I'm not sure whether the corresponding personal pronoun to be
> >>> used is _ono_.
> >> This assertion deserves the Nobel premium. Please, publish
> >> these words. It is news for me.
> >
> > Aw shucks, how about _'bydlo_ and _ham'lo_ (where _'_ stands before
> > the stressed syllable), being pejorative references to people
> > le regarded by the speaker as "lowly, slovenly, low-brow" and only
> > fit for rough labour (the former)..................
>
> In Russian language there is the proverb 'S kem povedes^sja -
> togo i naber'os^sja' ---> "You became such a thing, as that whith
> whom you contact".
>
> So, madam or sir, these words concern to language,
> which has arisen on territory Rusiian empire in middle or end of
> the 19 century in environment of small-sized hucksters. It secret
> international artificial language, which named "ofeni". The late
> this language was borrowed by thiefes, robbers, gangsters and it
> has become 'blatnaja muzyka' --> "robbers music".
> 'Po feni botajes^?' --> "Do you speak feni?"
>
> The lexicon of the these language is described in dictionary
> I.Dal' under edition Boduen de Kurtene. These dictionary don't
> republished. In soviet years if you wanted to look in these
> dictionary you need take the sanction from milicija (police). From
> these language some words was included into explanatory
> dictionaries of Russian language, but they are not words of
> Russian language. For example, word "bydlo" come from Polish
> language. Only these word has come in dictionaries of literary
> language.
> I don't want o aggravate the attitudes (relation) between
> Polish and Ukraine, as just therefrom it has come in that
> significance, which is fixed in dictionaries (Read N.V.Gogol
> 'Taras Bulba').
> If to speak about grammatic category of Gender these words,
> they all are words of an Neut. Gender. On level of speech (syntax)
> they can corresponds with any pronouns.
> So, you alread may recieve the place on Kolyma or in Russian
> police.
>
-\-/-\ LLC-V \-/-\-
-- The 5th Annual CSLI conference on Logic, Language, and Computation
takes place THIS WEEKEND, May 31-June 2 at CSLI. For schedule and
abstracts, see
http://www-csli.stanford.edu/users/kyle/llc5.html
-\-/-\ LINGUISTICS COLLOQUIUM \-/-\-
No more colloquia this year! Keep your eyes out for the sequel to
this year's colloquium schedule, which will be appearing in the fall
at http://www-linguistics.stanford.edu/~kessler/colloq/
-\-/-\ SPECIAL GUEST TALKS \-/-\-
TWO TALKS BY
P A U L S M O L E N S K Y
Monday, June 2nd
Margaret Jacks Hall, rm 146
Stanford University
1:00-2:00 pm: informal discussion
of acquisition and Optimality Theory
(abstract below)
4:30-5:30 pm: presentation--
On the Explanatory Adequacy of Optimality Theory
(abstract below)
Because of time constraints, the customary post-presentation
dinner-with-the-speaker is not possible. However, Paul will be
available for "a cappuccino or a beer" following the second talk.
Abstract for Talk 1 (1:00 pm):
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
On the Comprehension/Production Dilemma in Child Language
Paul Smolensky
Cognitive Science Department
Johns Hopkins University
In this short (squib-length) paper I consider a natural extension of
Optimality Theory, developing a competence theory in which
'comprehension' and 'production' are formalized as two related
functions defined by two kinds of opimization with a single
grammar/ranking. I argue that this slightly extended OT can resolve a
longstanding dilemma in generative theories of language acquisition. A
single grammar of the sort being proposed in current OT acquisition
work is shown to allow comprehension which is rich in distinctions
which are neutralized in production.
Abstract for Talk 2 (4:30) pm:
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
On the Explanatory Adequacy of Optimality Theory
Paul Smolensky
Cognitive Science Department
Johns Hopkins University
Originally centered in the context of phonology, discussion of
the explanatory adequacy of OT has mainly concerned the explicit or
implicit comparison with grammars based entirely or heavily on ordered
rules. In the past few years, work on OT syntax has brought to the
fore explanatory issues arising instead from the comparison with other
grammatical theories based on contraints: inviolable ones. This
paper identifies 14 claims against the explanatory adequacy of
OT, against the backdrop of inviolable-constraint-based grammatical
theories in syntax and phonology.
In all, 14 challenges to the explanatory power of OT are
examined. Then, doubt is put aside and the 15th point highlights two
particularly interesting explanatory strategies that have proved
powerful within OT (syntax as well as phonology).
I. 'Output' Constraints, Derivation, and Filtering Gen
(1) "OT says that the grammatical forms are those that optimally
meet output constraints, so every word should surface as
ba [sic]"
(2) "Opacity effects (like Hebrew spirantization) are not
naturally accounted for in (parallel) OT and are not
treated in the OT literature."
(3) "OT is an inadequate theory because syntax/phonology is
derivational, and OT isn't."
(4) 'Since Gen typically generates an infinite number of
candidates, OT is psychologically impossible.'
II. OT Constraints and Explanation
(5) 'OT is unexplanatory because you can make up any constraint
you want; in OT, you just give up on seeking explanatory
factors.'
(6) 'Any framework which leads to the morass of constraints
found in OT analyses in phonology cannot possibly be
explanatorily adequate.'
III. Cross-linguistic Variation and Constraint Re-ranking
(7) 'Constraint ranking is as unexplanatory as extrinsic rule
ordering.'
(8) 'Re-ranking is a totally unconstrained theory of cross-linguistic
variation.' Relative to: principles and parameters.
(9) 'Re-ranking is essentially the same as parameters which turn
on/off any constraint: burying the constraint at the
bottom of the hierarchy turns it off, and putting it at
the top of the hierarchy makes it inviolable.'
(10) 'The lexicon is a better locus for cross-linguistic
variation because it has to be learned anyway.'
(11) 'The goal is a perfect syntax ... of course, the lexicon,
phonology, morphology are not going to be perfect.'...
I.e.: *Complicate-Syntax >> *Complicate-Lexicon/Phonology/Morphology
(12) 'Ranked violable constraints can always be replaced by
(unranked) inviolable constraints.'
IV. Re-ranking, Restrictiveness of UG, and Learnability
(13) 'Re-ranking gives wildly too many grammars to be
explanatory.'
(14) 'Re-ranking gives wildly too many grammars to be learnable.'
V. Beyond Doubt
(15) Two central explanation patterns of OT
a. OT Idea: (P&S; McCarthy & Prince 93: 'emergence of the
unmarked')
The Subordination Pattern of explanation:
A constraint which is undominated and unviolated
in language L1, is dominated in another
language L2, where it is violated, but
still active, emerging in environments in
which no dominant constraint contravenes.
b. OT Idea: (P&S)
Markedness scales formalized as Universal
Constraint Sub-Hierarchies:
Roughly: a markedness hierarchy
A *> B *> C
('*>' = 'is more marked than') is formalized
as the universal constraint sub-hierarchy
*A >> *B >> *C.
I.e., UG imposes this sub-hierarchy, so that
every allowed grammar ranks these constraints
in this sequence; other constraints may
interrupt the sub-hierarchy.
-\-/-\ PHONOLOGY WORKSHOP \-/-\-
BOUNDARY TONES AND THE PHONETIC IMPLEMENTATION OF TONE IN CHICHEWA
Scott Myers
University of Texas
Thursday, May 30, 1996, 7:30 p.m.
Margaret Jacks Hall, Seminar Room 146
-\-/-\ SEMANTICS WORKSHOP \-/-\-
Jay Atlas (Pomona College) will give a talk in the semantics workshop
on Monday June 3rd. Due to a conflic with the Smolensky lectures, we
will not meet at our usual time, but get together at 11 am in Cordura
104 (the small round room).
-\-/-\ CALL FOR PAPERS \-/-\-
-- ROCLING-IX (August 29-31, 1996, Tseng-Wen Reservoir Youth Activity
Center). Tainan County, Taiwan, R.O.C. Papers are invited on
substantial, original, and unpublished research on all aspects of
computational linguistics, including, but not limited to the
following.
-syntax -quantitative/qualitative
linguistics
-phonetics/phonology -mathematical linguistics
-parsing/generation -contrastive linguistics
-morphology -large text corpora
-discourse -electronic dictionaries
-text processing -document database
-cognitive linguistics -machine translation
-language understanding -natural language interface
-spoken language processing -dialog systems
-speech analysis/synthesis -electronic books
Four hard-copies of a preliminary version of a full paper (maximum
25 letter- or A4- sized pages, double spaced throughout) should be
sent to the following address. The primary language is Chinese, but
English is also accepted. Papers submitted via Email or FAX will be
rejected without review. The first page of the submitted paper should
bear the following information: the title of the paper, the name(s) of
the author(s), affiliations, (email) address for correspondence. All
these items should be properly centered on top, with a short abstract of
the paper following.
Chung-Hsien Wu
Institute of Information Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Email: chwu@server2.iie.ncku.edu.tw
FAX: 886-6-2747076
Important Dates:
Preliminary paper submission due: June 25, 1996
Notification of acceptance: July 25, 1996
Camera-ready copy due: August 5, 1996
ROCLING'S Home Page!G
http://www.iie.ncku.edu.tw
-\-/-\ TRUE LINGUISTICS \-/-\-
FULL SPEED AHEAD FOR CHOMSKY: Linguist Noam Chomsky is 'the Elvis of
academia,' says U2's Bono. In an exploration of Chomsky's appeal to
rockers, Lingua Franca cites the Horsies' single 'Noam Chomsky' and an
homage to Chomsky by the Australian rock group Midnight Oil.
The magazine Maximum Rock'n'Roll reprints many of Chomsky's
speeches, and Rock & Roll Confidential magazine calls him 'A quote
machine with all the rockers.'
Chomsky refuses, however, to endorse videos. Lingua Franca
reports that he's so accustomed to speed-reading that he finds even
the fast-forward mode on a VCR too slow, and refuses to look at
movies. He turned down an opportunity to vet 'Manufacturing Consent,'
a video about him, telling the makers to send him a transcript
instead.
[AP]
-\-/-\ JOB ANNOUNCEMENTS \-/-\-
(REDUNDANCY NOTICE: For fuller listings of these and other jobs, don't
forget to check the Jobs binder in the Greenberg Room, and the file
'jobslist.txt' on the CSLI directory /user/linguistics.)
-- YOKOHAMA UNIVERSITY: Two linguistics related positions are
scheduled to be offered at Yokohama National University as detailed
below.
Position 1:
Title: Professor
Department: Information and Cognitive Science (Jouho Ninchi Shisutemu)
Faculty of Education and Information
Yokohama National University
Specialty: Cognitive Science/Theoretical Linguistics
Teaching: Cognitive Science, Theoretical Linguistics, etc.
Conditions: Less than 62 years old as of April 4, 1999
Ph.D. or equivalent research achievements
Starting Date: April 4, 1999. NOTE: The existence of this position is
dependent upon the Ministry of Education's approval of
our current university reform proposal.
Required Documents:
(1) Curriculum Vitae (1 copy)
(2) List of Publications (1 copy)
(3) Samples of written work (up to 5, photocopies ok)
Address: Dean
Faculty of Education
Yokohama National University
156 Tokiwadai
Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama-shi
Kanagawa-ken 240
JAPAN
Contacts: (In English)
Chris Tancredi (address as above)
Phone: +81-45-335-1451 ext. 2158
e-mail: tancredi@ed.ynu.ac.jp
(In Japanese)
Yoshio Endo (address as above)
Phone: +81-45-335-1451 ext. 2143
e-mail: endo@ed.ynu.ac.jp
DEADLINE: JUNE 7, 1996 (deadline is for receiving the application.)
N.B.1: Write "Joho Nihshi System Professor Application Materials" on
the envelope, and include a self-addressed return envelope.
N.B.2: IMPORTANT: The deadline is extremely soon. When sending an
application, contact BOTH of the above "Contacts" by e-mail to let us
know that it is coming.
Position 2:
Title: Assistant Professor or Associate Professor
Department: Japanese Linguistics (Nihongogaku)
Faculty of Education and Information
Yokohama National University
Specialty: Japanese Linguistics
Teaching: Undergraduate:
Japanese Grammar, Japanese Linguistics Seminar,
The Japanese Language, etc.
Graduate:
Special Lecture on Japanese Linguistics, Special
Seminar on Japanese Linguistics, etc.
Conditions: Less than 40 years old as of April 4, 2001
Ph.D. or equivalent research history and strong
achievements in research and education
Starting Date: April 4, 2001. NOTE: The existence of this position is
dependent upon the Ministry of Education's approval of
our current university reform proposal.
Required Documents:
(1) Curriculum Vitae (1 copy)
(2) List of Publications (1 copy)
(3) Samples of written work (up to 5, photocopies ok)
Address: Dean
Faculty of Education
Yokohama National University
156 Tokiwadai
Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama-shi
Kanagawa-ken 240
JAPAN
Contacts: (In English)
Chris Tancredi (address as above)
Phone: +81-45-335-1451 ext. 2158
e-mail: tancredi@ed.ynu.ac.jp
(In Japanese)
Yoshio Endo (address as above)
Phone: +81-45-335-1451 ext. 2143
e-mail: endo@ed.ynu.ac.jp
DEADLINE: JUNE 5, 1996 (deadline is for receiving the application.)
N.B.1: Write "Japanese Linguistics Professor Application Materials" on
the envelope, and include a self-addressed return envelope.
N.B.2: IMPORTANT: The deadline is extremely soon. When sending an
application, contact BOTH of the above "Contacts" by e-mail to let us
know that it is coming.
-- COMPUTATIONAL LINGUIST FOR TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYNTHESIS: Motorola's
Chicago Corporate Research Laboratories is currently seeking a
computational linguist to join the Speech Synthesis Group in its
Speech Processing Systems Research Laboratory in Schaumburg, Illinois.
The Speech Synthesis Group of Motorola's Speech Processing Laboratory
has developed a world-class multi-language text-to-speech synthesizer.
This synthesizer is based on innovative neural network and signal
processing technologies and produces more natural sounding speech than
traditional speech synthesis methods. The successful candidate will
work on the components of a text-to-speech system that convert text
into a phonetic representation, including part of speech tagging, word
sense disambiguation and parsing for prosody. The duties of the
position include applied research, software development, data
collection, and transfer of developed technologies to product groups.
Innovation in research, application of technology and a high level of
motivation is the standard for all members of the team. The
individual should possess a Ph.D. in the area of computational
linguistics with a minimum of two years work experience developing
spoken language systems. Strong programming skills in C or C++ are
required. Knowledge of neural networks, decision trees, genetic
algorithms, and statistical techniques is highly desirable. Please
send resume and cover letter by June 15, 1996 to be considered for
this position to Motorola Inc., Corporate Staffing Department, Attn:
LP-T1521, 1303 E. Algonquin Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60196. Fax:
847-576-4959. Motorola is an equal opportunity/affirmative action
employer. We welcome and encourage diversity in our workforce.
-- TCD: The Department of Computer Science at Trinity College, Dublin
offers a degree in Computer Science, Linguistics and a Language
(French, German or Irish) in conjuncton with the Centre for Language &
Communication Studies and the language departments. There is a
vacancy for a lecturer with research interests in Computational
Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. Applicants should have a
higher degree in computational linguistics or a closely related area
and should have a good knowledge of the computing aspects of the
subject. Further information about the Department may be found on the
world wide web at the URL:
http.//www.cs.tcd.ie
Appointment will be made on the Lecturer Grade II scale within
the salary range IR=A314,242-IR=A320,096 per annum at a point to
accord with the qualifications and experience to date of the
successful candidate. Application forms and further particulars may
be obtained from:
Establishment Officer
Staff Office
Trinity College
DUBLIN 2
Tel: 608-1678/FAX: 677-2169/e.mail: recruit@tcd.ie
The closing date for receipt of completed applications will be Friday,
21st June, 1996. Ref. 206/96 TRINITY COLLEGE IS AN EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYER.
(REDUNDANCY NOTICE: For fuller listings of these and other jobs, don't
forget to check the Jobs binder in the Greenberg Room, and the file
jobslist.txt' on the CSLI directory /user/linguistics.)
-\-/-\ INSTA-PRIZE \-/-\-
-- THE SOLDIER'S RETURN: Returning from the battlefield, a regiment is
highly battle-scarred. If 70% of the soldiers have lost an eye, 75%
have lost an ear, 85% have lost a leg and 80% have lost an arm, what
percentage at least must have lost all four?
Solution to BACK TO THE CLASSICS: Styx, Lethe, Acheron, Cocytus,
Phlegethon (can be found by typing 'help hell')
/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\-/-\
-\-/-\ CONSERVE DISK SPACE \-/-\-
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