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Nazir Group

Formed2006
DisbandedGroup is active.
First AttackMarch 2008: The Nazir Group conducted an improvised explosive device attack in front of a Pakistan Army brigade headquarters in Zari Noor, South Waziristan, Pakistan. (5 killed, 11 wounded) [1]
Last AttackMarch 2008: The Nazir Group conducted an improvised explosive device attack in front of a Pakistan Army brigade headquarters in Zari Noor, South Waziristan, Pakistan. (5 killed, 11 wounded) [2]
UpdatedJuly 15, 2017

Narrative Summary

The Nazir Group is a faction of the Pakistani Taliban that operates in South Waziristan. Its main goals are to “liberate” all Muslims and to establish global Shariah law. Although the group never issued an official start date, its origins trace back to the operations of its original leader, Maulvi Nazir. Nazir was a powerful Taliban commander with connections to numerous militant groups in the region, including the Pakistani and Afghan Taliban, Al Qaeda, and various Pakistani and Central Asian jihadist groups. From 2001 to 2003, the Nazir Group worked to secure a position of power and influence in Pakistan under the auspices of the Pakistani Taliban. It gained prominence and began to operate independently in 2006 when Maulvi Nazir received the support of the Pakistani Taliban and the approval of the Taliban Shura. The group quickly established its power in the region by imposing strict Sharia law throughout South Waziristan with the support of the Punjabi Taliban. [3] In 2007, the Nazir Group routed the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) in a battle over political and economic disputes. The Pakistan Army provided medical and logistical support for the Nazir Group throughout the battle in order to achieve their shared goal of ousting foreign militants from the Waziristan region. [4]

The Nazir Group briefly merged with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) when the TTP formed in 2007, but left in early 2008 due to disagreements between Maulvi Nazir and the TTP leader, Baitullah Mehsud, over the Nazir Group’s rejection of Uzbek militants and it’s unwillingness to attack the Pakistani state. [5] [6] Instead, on July 9, 2008, the Nazir Group joined with the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group to create the Muqami Tehrik-e-Taliban (Local Taliban Movement).  The two groups continued their cooperation throughout 2008 and 2009.  Then, in February 2009, the Nazir Group entered into an alliance with both the TTP and the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group. [7] This umbrella organization, known as the Shura Ittihad al-Mujahedeen (Allied Mujahedeen Council), was formed under the command of Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar, and the Haqqani Network patriarch Jalaluddin Haqqani. [8] The alliance formed after U.S. President Barack Obama decided to deploy an additional 17,000 troops to Afghanistan. Members of the Allied Mujahedeen Council pledged to combat the infidel governments of the U.S., Pakistan, and Afghanistan. [9] [10]

In 2011, the Nazir Group allied with three other major Taliban groups-- the TTP, the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group, and the Haqqani Network-- to form another umbrella organization, the Shura-e-Murakeba. [11] Al Qaeda brokered this alliance in order to unite various factions of the Taliban under a common plan of action. Members of the Shura-e-Murakeba refocused their efforts on fighting U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan. They also agreed to refrain from attacking Pakistani security forces and committing criminal acts in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas FATA. [12]

In February 2013, the U.S. State Department designated the Nazir Group as a global terrorist entity and added Maulvi Nazir to its list of global terrorists. The U.S. State Department justified the designation on the grounds that the Nazir Group engaged in transnational attacks against U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan and provided sanctuary for Al Qaeda. [13]

The Pakistani military and intelligence services have not undertaken major counterterrorism operations against the Nazir Group. This is, in part, because the Nazir Group does not openly seek to overthrow the existing Pakistani government and operates primarily in Afghanistan. [14] Since 2007, the Pakistani government has negotiated several peace deals with the Nazir Group, allowing the group to rule openly in South Waziristan. [15] In exchange for its cooperation, the Nazir Group pressures the Pakistani government to minimize U.S. drone strikes in South Waziristan. [16] Despite these agreements, the group continues to provide safe haven to leaders of the TTP and Al Qaeda. [17]

On January 3, 2013, Maulvi Nazir died in a U.S. drone strike. Bahawal Khan (also known by the alias Salahuddin Ayubi) was subsequently appointed as the leader of the Nazir Group. [18] The U.S. has listed both Khan and his sub-commander, Malang Nazir, on the official list of global terrorists. The group is currently active under Khan’s leadership, with size estimates ranging from 3,000 to 10,000 militants. [19] [20] [21] Although the group operates primarily in Wana, South Waziristan, it also conducts hit-and-run operations in the Khost, Paktia, and Paktika provinces of Afghanistan. [22]

 

Leadership

  1. Maulvi Nazir (2006 to January 3, 2013): Maulvi Nazir was the second most important Taliban leader in South Waziristan after Baitullah Mehsud. Nazir was a seasoned fighter and had fought with the Taliban in Afghanistan since before 2001. As a Taliban commander, Nazir developed connections to numerous militant groups in the region, including the Pakistani and Afghan Taliban, Al Qaeda, and various Pakistani and Central Asian jihadist groups. Two of Nazir’s main priorities included the implementation of Shariah law in South Waziristan and the expulsion of Uzbek militants from Pakistan. After his appointment by the Taliban Jirga as the emir of the Taliban’s Wazir faction in 2006, Nazir worked to build close ties between the Nazir Group and other militant organizations, such as Al Qaeda and the Haqqani Network. In a 2011 interview with Asia Times, Nazir affirmed his support for the Afghan Taliban and Al Qaeda, insisting that the Taliban and Al Qaeda share the same goal of global jihad. Nazir was killed in January 2013 by a U.S. drone strike. [23]
  2. Bahawal Khan (2013 to Present): Bahawal Khan, also known by his alias Salahuddin Ayubi, took command of the Nazir Group in 2013 after the death of Maulvi Nazir. Khan shared a close relationship with Nazir before his death, as the two had previously fought together with the Taliban. Khan is reported to be uneducated and more hot-tempered than Nazir. Despite this reputation, at the time of his appointment, officials predicted that he would maintain the tribal consensus achieved previously by Nazir in order to maintain a peaceful powerbase in Wana, Pakistan. Khan has vowed to continue to support Al Qaeda and conduct attacks in Afghanistan. The State Department listed Khan as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist in August 2013. [24]

Ideology & Goals

Like the Afghan Taliban, the Nazir Group is committed to the enforcement of Shariah law. [25] The Nazir Group’s founding ideology includes anti-democratic sentiments based on the teachings of the 20th Century Islamist, Syed Abdu A’la Mawdud [26] 

Unlike the Afghan Taliban, which focuses on jihad only in Afghanistan, the Nazir Group’s stated objective is global jihad. The Nazir Group seeks to “liberate” all Muslims and to establish global Shariah law. However, the Nazir Group is focused on first combatting U.S.-led Coalition forces and the governments of Afghan and Pakistan before conquering disputed areas such as Kashmir and Palestine. [27]

Size Estimates

Designated/Listed

U.S. State Department Terrorist Designations List: February 26, 2013 to present [31]

U.S. Office of Foreign Assets control Specially Designated Nationals List: February 23, 2013 to present [32]

U.S. State Department Specially Designated Global Terrorist List: August 6, 2013 to present [33]

Resources

The Nazir Group likely secures revenue from the same sources as other groups within the Pakistani Taliban. These sources include funding from Al Qaeda and other militant groups permitted to take sanctuary in South and North Waziristan, taxes and protection money from locally controlled populations, donations in the name of jihad, exploitation of natural resources, and money from criminal activities. [34] [35]

External Influences

Al Qaeda’s mission of global jihad has ideologically influenced the Nazir Group. [36] This focus differentiates the Nazir Group from most other Taliban factions, specifically those in Afghanistan, which are only concerned with conducting jihad in the surrounding regions currently infiltrated by U.S.-led coalition forces. [37] The group is heavily dependent on external support to sustain its operations. [38]

Geographical Locations

The Nazir Group’s base of operations is in Wana, Pakistan. [39] The group operates primarily in the Ahmed Zai Wazir tribal territory of South Waziristan Agency. [40] However, it also conducts hit and run operations in Afghanistan, specifically in the Khost, Paktia, and Paktika provinces. [41]

Targets & Tactics

The primary targets of the Nazir Group are U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan and the Pakistani government. Since 2006, the Nazir Group has facilitated training camps, dispatched suicide bombers, provided safe haven for Al Qaeda forces, and conducted assassinations and intimidation operations against the citizens of Afghanistan and Pakistan. [42] The group also conducts cross-border operations against U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan, and often provides the Haqqani Network in Afghanistan with mercenary fighters. [43]

Political Activities

Although the Nazir Group is not officially involved in Pakistani politics, the Pakistani government has previously engaged in peace talks with the group because it does not openly seek to overthrow the existing Pakistani government. [44] Since 2007, the Pakistani government has negotiated several peace deals with the Nazir Group, allowing the group to rule openly in South Waziristan. [45] In spring 2007, the Nazir Group controlled most of the western part of South Waziristan. During this time, the Nazir Group imposed strict Shariah law without the hindrance of the Pakistani government or military. The group also instituted Islamic courts to settle local disputes in accordance with this brutal interpretation of Islamic law. [46]

The Nazir Group and Pakistani government have often shared overlapping interests. For example, in 2007, the Pakistani government benefited from the Nazir Group’s expulsion of Uzbek militants from South Waziristan. [47] Then, in October 2009, the Nazir Group permitted Pakistani soldiers to conduct a large-scale military operation against their shared enemy, the TTP. [48] In exchange for its cooperation, the Nazir Group pressures the Pakistani government to minimize U.S. drone strikes in South Waziristan. [49]

Major Attacks

  1. March 2008: The Nazir Group conducted an improvised explosive device attack in front of a Pakistan Army brigade headquarters in Zari Noor, South Waziristan, Pakistan (5 killed, 11 wounded).[50]

Relationships with Other Groups

The Nazir Group briefly merged with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) when the TTP formed in 2007, but left in early 2008 due to disagreements between Maulvi Nazir and the TTP leader, Baitullah Mehsud. [51] This split stemmed from a dispute between Nazir and Mehsud over the presence of Uzbek militants in South Waziristan. Mehsud benefitted from the support of the Uzbek militants and therefore supported their presence in the area. [52] The TTP subsequently conducted several assassination attempts against Nazir, sparking open hostilities between the TTP and Nazir Group.  [53]

Despite its history of conflict with the TTP, in 2009, the Nazir Group entered into an alliance with the TTP and the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group. This umbrella organization, known as the Shura Ittihad al-Mujahedeen (Allied Mujahedeen Council), was formed on the command of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar, and the Haqqani Network patriarch Jalaluddin Haqqani. [54] The alliance formed after U.S. President Barack Obama decided to deploy an additional 17,000 troops to Afghanistan. Members of the Allied Mujahedeen Council pledged to combat the infidel governments of the U.S., Pakistan, and Afghanistan. [55] [56]

In 2011, the Nazir Group joined with three other major Taliban groups-- the TTP, the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group, and the Haqqani Network-- in order to form another umbrella organization, the Shura-e-Murakeba. [57] Al Qaeda brokered this alliance in order to unite various factions of the Taliban under a common plan of action. Members of the Shura-e-Murakeba decided to refocus their efforts on fighting U.S.-led coalition forces. They also agreed to refrain from attacking Pakistani security forces and committing criminal acts in the FATA. [58] [59]

Although the Nazir Group has made various agreements with the Pakistani government, the group has reneged on its promises and continues to provide safe haven to leaders of the TTP and Al Qaeda. Specifically, the Nazir Group has sheltered top Al Qaeda leaders such as Ilyas Kashmiri, Abu Khabab al Masri, Osama al Kini, Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan, and Abu Zaid al Iraqi (all of whom were killed while under Nazir’s protection). [60] Because the Nazir Group aids groups that attack Pakistani institutions, the Pakistani government is officially unopposed to the United States’ decision to target the group. [61]

The Nazir Group maintains close affiliations with the Afghan Taliban, the Tanzim Al Qaeda al-Jihad, the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, and the Islamic Jihad Union. The Nazir Group also maintains a close alliance with the Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group, which also belongs to the Wazir Tribe. [62]

Community Relationships

The Nazir Group has a strong presence in Southern Waziristan Agency, especially in the administrative capital of Wana. The group uses the territory it controls in this region to stage cross-border operations against allied forces in Afghanistan. The Nazir Group also runs training camps in the Ahmedzai Wazir tribal territory and attempts to recruit young Pakistanis from the surrounding area. [63]

Aside from its tactical hold on Southern Waziristan, the Nazir Group also exercises ideological and legal control over the local population. [64] The Nazir Group enforces Shariah law in its areas of territorial control. [65]


References

  1. ^ "Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm>.
  2. ^ Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm>.
  3. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.
  4. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.
  5. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  6. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  7. ^ The Survivalist of North Waziristan: Hafiz Gul Bahadur Biography and Analysis.” Critizal Threats. Web. 6 August, 2009. < https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-survivalist-of-north-waziristan-hafiz-gul-bahadur-biography-and-analysis-1>.
  8. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  9. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  10. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  11. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  12. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  13. ^ “Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb, 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm.>
  14. ^ “'Good’ Pakistani Taliban Leader Nazir Affirms Membership in Al Qaeda.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 May, 2011. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/good_pakistani_taliban_leader_nazir_admits_membership_in_al_qaeda.php>.
  15. ^ “Mullah Nazir’s Death a ‘Major Development’: US.” 2013. The Express Tribune. Web. 4 Jan. <https://tribune.com.pk/story/488814/mullah-nazirs-death-a-major-development-us/>.
  16. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  17. ^ “US Adds Emir of Pakistan-Based Mullah Nazir Group to List of Global Terrorists.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/08/us_adds_emir_of_paki.php>.
  18. ^ “The Significance of Maulvi Nazir’s Death in Pakistan | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.” 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-significance-of-maulvi-nazirs-death-in-pakistan>.
  19. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.
  20. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  21. ^ “The Afghan-Pakistan militant nexus.” BBC News. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21338263>.
  22. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  23. ^ “Obituary: Mullah Nazir.” BBC News. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20896839>.
  24. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  25. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  26. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  27. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  28. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007.
  29. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  30. ^ “The Afghan-Pakistan militant nexus.” BBC News. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21338263>.
  31. ^ “Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm>.
  32. ^ “Specially Designated Nationals List Update.” 2013. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130226.aspx>.
  33. ^ “Terrorist Designation of Bahawal Khan.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266570.htm>.
  34. ^ Acharya, Arabinda, Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, and Sadia Sulaiman. 2009. “Making Money in the Mayhem: Funding Taliban Insurrection in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (2): 95–108. Web. 20 Jan. 2009. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10576100802628314?src=recsys>.
  35. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.
  36. ^ “US Adds Emir of Pakistan-Based Mullah Nazir Group to List of Global Terrorists.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/08/us_adds_emir_of_paki.php>.
  37. ^ Acharya, Arabinda, Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, and Sadia Sulaiman. 2009. “Making Money in the Mayhem: Funding Taliban Insurrection in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (2): 95–108. Web. 20 Jan. 2009. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10576100802628314?src=recsys>.
  38. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  39. ^ Shah, Pir Zubair. “Pakistan Says U.S. Drone Kills 13.” The New York Times, Web. 18 June. 2009. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/asia/19pstan.html>.
  40. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  41. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  42. ^ “Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm>.
  43. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  44. ^ “'Good’ Pakistani Taliban Leader Nazir Affirms Membership in Al Qaeda.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 May, 2011. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/good_pakistani_taliban_leader_nazir_admits_membership_in_al_qaeda.php>.
  45. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  46. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  47. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.
  48. ^ “Drone Kills Top Taliban Commander Maulvi Nazir.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/drone-kills-top-taliban-commander-maulvi-nazir>.
  49. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  50. ^ Terrorist Designations of the Commander Nazir Group and Malang Wazir.” 2017. U.S. Department of State. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266577.htm>.
  51. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  52. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  53. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  54. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  55. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  56. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  57. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  58. ^ “Taliban Name Mullah Nazir’s Replacement.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/taliban_name_mullah.php>.
  59. ^ “Al Qaeda Brokers New Anti-US Taliban Alliance in Pakistan and Afghanistan.” FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/01/al_qaeda_brokers_new.php>.
  60. ^ “US Adds Emir of Pakistan-Based Mullah Nazir Group to List of Global Terrorists.” 2017. FDD’s Long War Journal. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/08/us_adds_emir_of_paki.php>.
  61. ^ “Drone Kills Top Taliban Commander Maulvi Nazir.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/drone-kills-top-taliban-commander-maulvi-nazir>.
  62. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan, and Douglas Woodall, eds. Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown, 226-227. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
  63. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  64. ^ “Question Mark of South Waziristan: Biography and Analysis of Maulvi Nazir Ahmad.” 2017. Critical Threats. Web. 17 July. 2009. <https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/question-mark-of-south-waziristan-biography-and-analysis-of-maulvi-nazir-ahmad>.
  65. ^ “South Waziristan’s Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban.” 2017. Jamestown. Web. 14 May, 2007. <https://jamestown.org/program/south-waziristans-maulvi-nazir-the-new-face-of-the-taliban/>.

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