Lise M. Dobrin
Based on an exhaustive search of published sources and the
author's firsthand fieldwork, Concreteness in Grammar explores the
role of phonological form in the noun class systems of the Arapesh
languages spoken in Papua New Guinea. Linguists have long known that
from plays a critical role alongside semantics in the classification
of lexical items. In Arapesh, virtually every possible final ending
of a noun is represented in the paradigm of noun class and agreement
markers, reflecting an interpenetration of sound structure and
grammar that many would disallow as wildly unconstrained. In this
book, Lise Dobrin describes these formal patterns in order to reveal
their naturalness and elegance, establishing their place in a
typology of noun class systems and drawing out their significance
for theories of grammatical architecture.
A rigorous study of an endangered language, Concreteness
in Grammar revisits the definition of a morpheme and looks at
unusual language patterns to reveal the naturalness of grammar.
Lise M. Dobrin is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Linguistics Program at the University of Virginia.
- 1 Introduction 1
- 1.0 Overview 1
- 1.1 The Arapesh Languages 3
- 1.1.1 Historical and Typological Orientation 3
- 1.1.2 Arapesh Varieties and Sources 5
- 1.2 Noun Categorization and Word Form 9
- 1.3 The Phonological Basis of Arapesh Noun Classification 14
- 1.3.1 How is Arapesh Special? 14
- 1.3.2 Abu’ 17
- 2 Noun Classification in Rohwim Arapesh 27
- 2.0 Introduction 27
- 2.1 The Morphology by Itself Model 28
- 2.2 Arapesh Nouns 31
- 2.3 The Mapping between Phonological Form, Morphological Realization, and Morphosyntactic Class 43
- 2.3.1 Aronoff's Analysis 43
- 2.3.2 Subverting the ‘Double Inversion’ 44
- 3 The Lexical Representation of Arapesh Nouns 59
- 3.0 Introduction 59
- 3.1 The Lexical Representation of Singulars 60
- 3.2 The Lexical Representation of Plurals 71
- 4 Organization within and across Noun Classes 81
- 4.0 Introduction 81
- 4.1 The Internal Structure of Noun Class Categories 81
- 4.2 Organization across Noun Class Categories 95
- 5 Arapesh Defaults 111
- 5.0 Default Categories 111
- 5.1 More on the Default Plural -ehas 112
- 5.1.1 One Rule or Many? 112
- 5.1.2 Is the -ehas Plural ‘Regular?’ 114
- 5.2 Default Agreement in Arapesh 121
- 5.2.1 Types of Formal Noun Class Assignment 121
- 5.2.2 The Special Behavior of s-final Borrowings 126
- 5.2.3 The Phonological Basis of the Arapesh Classes 132
- 5.3 A Contrastive Case: Noun Class Restructuring in Bantu 141
- 6 Theoretical Consequences of Alliterative Concord 155
- 6.0 Introduction 155
- 6.1 The Relationship between Word Form and Syntax 156
- 6.2 Two Proposed PPFS Violations in Agreement 158
- 6.2.1 Somali 158
- 6.2.2 Vata 159
- 6.3 Two Apparent PPFS Violations in Local Agreement 163
- 6.3.1 Godié 163
- 6.3.2 Abu’ 164
- 6.4 Literal Alliterative Concord in Bainuk 168
- 6.5 Implications for Grammatical Organization 171
- 7 Conclusion 183
- References 189
- Index 205
November 2012