Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
HuM is a Sunni organization, similar in ideology to Wahhabism and the Deobandi revivalist school of thought. Its ideology also reflects that of the Markaz-ud Dawa-wal-Irshad and the Afghan Taliban. Osama bin Laden and other members of Al Qaeda were also key sources of inspiration for the foundation of HuM's ideology. HuM maintains a strict interpretation of Islamic law, which identifies parliamentary democracy as a manifestation of the negative influence of the West on Islamic societies.[70] According to HuM leader Mualana Saadatullah Khan, the group’s primary motivations are to wage war on all non-believers and anti-Islamic forces.[71]
HuM was originally established in order to conduct jihad against Soviet troops stationed in Afghanistan.[72] Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, HuM shifted its goals to three new objectives. Fist, HuM seeks to bring Kashmir and Jammu under Pakistani control. They hope to establish an Islamic caliphate based on Shariah law within this territory. As part of this goal, HuM rejects all forms of democracy in Pakistan.[73] Second, HuM is committed to carrying out attacks against India. The group has advocated for the use of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal against India and has proposed the transfer of Pakistani nuclear weapons technology to other Islamic, anti-Indian states. HuM also strongly opposes any efforts to normalize the relationship between Pakistan and India.[74] Third, HuM has pledged to support the Afghan jihad by waging war against U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan. Some elements within the group have advocated that HuM shift its focus and priorities to reflect the Al Qaeda-inspired mission of global jihad, particularly against the United States and Israel.[75]
Although HuM does not directly participate in politics, the group is ideologically aligned with Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam Fazlur Rehman (JUI-F), a prominent radical Islamic political party in Pakistan and Kashmir.[76] HuM is also believed to be strongly influenced by the religious political party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Samiul Haq (JUI-S).[77]
In 2017, HuM’s founder Maulana Fazlur Rehman Khalil announced plans to launch his own political party, Islah-e-Watan, with the reported aim of “promoting peace and tranquility” in Pakistan. Few substantial measures have been taken since his announcement to establish the party. In 2018, Khalil publicly joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), a centrist political party in Pakistan. Khalil has been a strong supporter of Imram Khan, the party’s leader and current Prime Minister of Pakistan.[78] The Pakistani government’s embrace of Khalil has raised doubt over Imran Khan’s assertion that the government has initiated a crackdown on terror groups and leaders in Pakistan. Some view the PTI’s acceptance of Khalil as evidence of the country’s general shift towards embracing religious extremism and former militants in the political realm.
HuM training camps educate militants in Islamist doctrine and guerilla tactics. In addition to HuM militants, these camps train jihadists from other transnational Islamic militant organizations.[79]
HuM conducts most of its operations in Indian Administered Kashmir.[80] The HuM’s main targets in this area include Indian security forces and Hindu communities, which the group intends to push out of the region. HuM has also murdered Kashmiri Muslims who did not support its goals. In addition to its operations in Jammu and Kashmir, HuM conducts attacks against U.S.-led Coalition forces in Afghanistan.[81]
HuM typically conducts bombings, kidnappings, and hijackings, with the use of machine guns, rockets, assault rifles, mortars, and explosives. Although the group has expressed an interest in commandeering Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal in order to attack India, HuM has never controlled nuclear weapons.[82] Some militants are also trained to carry out lower-intensity attacks, such as hit-and-run or suicide operations.[83]
Throughout its existence, HuM has repeatedly changed its name in order to avoid the consequences of terrorist designations, such as sanctions and targeting. HuM also operates under aliases in order to mask certain activities. For example, using the name “Al-Faran,” HuM has kidnapped and murdered foreigners in an effort to free imprisoned militant leaders.[84] Pakistan’s government has claimed it can do little to combat groups acting under new names, as court orders have allowed banned groups to operate under aliases.[85]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
January 1994: HuA abducted two Indian security forces personnel in an attempt to force the Indian government to release three top HuA leaders. HuA killed the victims when the government refused to meet the group’s demands (2 killed, 0 wounded).[86]
June 1994: HuA abducted two foreign tourists. However, HuA released the hostages following substantial local outcry against the abductions (0 killed, 0 wounded).[87]
October 1994: HuA abducted four foreign tourists in New Delhi and held them captive in Uttar Pradesh. However, Indian security forces were able to conduct a successful rescue operation and arrested the militant who had coordinated the abduction (0 killed, 0 wounded).[88]
July 1995: Al-Faran (an alias for HuM) kidnapped five Westerners. One was reportedly killed in August and the rest in December later that year (5 killed, unknown wounded).[89]
December 24, 1999: HuM hijacked Indian Airlines flight IC 814 from Kathmandu, Nepal, and ultimately landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan. With the support of the Afghan Taliban, HuM successfully secured the release of three Islamic militants from the Indian government (1 killed, 0 wounded).[90]
November 2000: HuM attacked two Indian Army posts in Kashmir (30 killed, unknown wounded).[91]
February 1, 2002: Former HuA militant, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheik, was involved in the abduction and murder of U.S. journalist, Daniel Pearl (1 killed, 0 wounded).[92]
May 8, 2002: HuM conducted a suicide car bombing attack outside the Sheraton Hotel in Karachi (15 killed, 20 wounded).[93]
June 14, 2002: HuM conducted a suicide bombing attack outside the U.S. Consulate in Karachi (11 killed, 40 wounded).[94]
June 9, 2004: JuA conducted an attack against a military convoy in Karachi, which was carrying the Karachi military commander (7 killed, unknown wounded).[95]
November 2006: A JuA militant shot and killed a former special Police Officer in Kashmir (1 killed, 0 wounded).[96]
February 2007: JuA orchestrated the kidnapping and beheading of a Hindu businessman in Sindh Province, Pakistan (1 killed, 0 wounded).[97]
November 2007: HuM militants engaged Indian soldiers in a firefight in Kashmir (2 killed, unknown wounded).[98]
February 23, 2010: HuM militants engaged in a battle with Indian security forces in Sopore, Kashmir. During the course of the battle, the militants blew up two houses (unknown killed, unknown wounded).[99]
December 2015: HuM claimed responsibility for an attack in Handwor and Poonch in India, which resulted in the deaths of five Indian army troopers and five HuM militants (10 killed, unknown wounded).[100]
Many of HuM’s supporters reside in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and India’s southern Kashmir and Doda regions in the Kashmir valley. Some of the group’s supporters include Arab veterans of the Afghan war.[110] The United Nations Security Council reported in 2014 that “HuM has several thousand armed supporters located in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions.”[111]
HuM also has strong connections to several madrassahs in Pakistan. Many HuM leaders studied at the Binori Town madrassah in Karachi. The seminary and its graduates graduates have been critical to the establishment and development of HuM. For example, HuM leader Maulana Fazl Rahman Khalil and HuM associate Asim Umar (now head of AQIS) have been affiliated with the Binori Town madrassah.[112] HuM militants have historically been regularly recruited from Pakistani madrassahs.
In response to mounting international pressure, Pakistan began a crackdown in 2019 on madrassahs affiliated with militant groups. By March 2019, over 182 madrassahs were taken over by the government.[113] In addition, many more faced new regulations on the recruitment and education of students.[114]
Throughout the late 1990s, HuM was closely aligned with the Afghan Taliban and Al Qaeda. There was a heavy presence of HuM fighters in the Taliban front lines leading up to and following the 9/11 attacks. 46 percent of Taliban prisoners captured by the Northern Alliance said that they were associated with one of the main Pakistani Harakat groups, which included HuM. In addition, 79 HuM militants were killed fighting alongside the Taliban in the initial days and months after the US invasion of Afghanistan.[115]
In addition to its support of the Taliban, HuM frequently channeled foreign fighters to Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan.[116] As HuM grew in strength and independence, the group maintained its ties with Al Qaeda. HuM’s original leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, shared a particularly close relationship with Osama bin Laden. In February 1998, Khalil signed bin Laden’s fatwa, which declared war on Americans and called for attacks against U.S. and Western interests.[117] HuM also helped al-Qaida members escape after U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan by organizing safe houses throughout Pakistan, including locations in Karachi.[118] Prominent Al Qaeda militants, such as Commander Badr Mansoor, have also joined HuM and risen through the ranks as leaders.
In addition to working with Al Qaeda, HuM also cooperates with various militant groups from Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Pakistan. HuM’s allies include Hizbul Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, and Sipah‑e‑Sahaba Pakistan. HuM is also a member the United Jihad Council, an umbrella organization which coordinates the communications and strategies of various groups within the global Jihad movement. Given its connections and participation in the council, HuM remains well connected and integrated into the jihadi network.[119] HuM has also sent militants to fight in Bosnia, the Philippines, Chechnya, and Tajikistan. In the 1990s, HuM militants traveled to the Philippines to train members of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). HuM militants also took part in operations against the Philippine government coordinated by the ASG and MILF.[120]
In 2010, then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates described HuM as one of several terrorist groups that are part of a so-called “syndicate” in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the surrounding region. Other groups included in this syndicate are the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, Jaish-e-Muhammad, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, and Lashkar e-Taiba.
HuM has allegedly received support from Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) since its formation.[121] This was confirmed in June 2011 when U.S. analysts captured the cellphone of Osama bin Laden’s courier. Upon tracing calls on the cellphone, U.S. analysts determined that HuM had been in contact with ISI.[122] The relationship between ISI and HuM is believed to have been particularly strong following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989. ISI reportedly assisted HuM associate Asim Umar in setting up jihad cells across India during the late-1990s.[123] In addition, five ISI agents were killed at HuM training camps during the 1998 U.S. strikes against Eastern Afghanistan.[124]
HuM is reportedly able to move and operate freely within Pakistan’s borders.[125] HuM’s alleged relationship with ISI is consistent with the accusations of numerous U.S., European, Afghan, and Indian officials who claim that Pakistan supports certain terrorist groups in order to further its national interests in Kashmir, India, and Afghanistan. While the Pakistani government maintains partial influence over certain groups, this control does not extend to all militant activity. In certain instances, groups formerly focused on operating in Kashmir and India have conducted attacks against Pakistani targets.[126]
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