Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
The JRTN is a Sufi organization that derives its name from the Naqshabandi Order of Sufism, which was founded in the fourteenth century and known for its peaceful, apolitical ideology.[45] However, under the regime of Saddam Hussein, the Order began functioning as more of a political and business network than a religious organization.[46] It was during this period that the Order began recruiting top Ba’athist officials, most notably Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri.[47] Thus, when al-Douri founded the JRTN in 2006, he chose to emphasize the group’s Ba’athist rather than Sufi ideology.[48]
The group is known for being tolerant of all the major religious groups in the region—Shiites, Sunnis, Sufis, Jews, and Christians—and has condemned IS’s targeted killings of civilians based on their religious affiliation.[49] The group seeks the re-unification of Iraq, including all its religious and ethnic groups, under a secular Ba’athist government similar to that of Saddam Hussein.[50] In this vein, the JRTN employs vehemently nationalistic rhetoric, which echoes the Arab Nationalist sentiments popularized by Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 1950s and 1960s.[51] In order to achieve its goal of a reunified Iraq, the JRTN has directed the majority of its attacks against coalition forces (prior to their withdrawal in 2011), the Maliki government, Iran, and Iraq’s Kurdish separatist groups.[52]
There are no recorded political activities for this group.
The JRTN often hires other groups to carry out attacks on the targets it chooses and helps coordinate the finances, logistics, and collection of intelligence for these groups in return.[53] It is unclear exactly why the JRTN utilizes this strategy. One possibility is that the group does not want to risk being associated with attacks in which citizens are accidentally harmed. The group has made clear its policy of only targeting government and coalition fighters and protecting Iraqi citizens regardless of their religion or ethnicity. To be seen as going back on this policy would harm to the group’s relationships with the communities in which it operates.[54]
Although the JRTN often hires other groups to carry out its attacks, it also has its own well trained and organized, if small, military branch. Immediately after the JRTN’s formation in 2006, local cells consisting of around 7-10 JRTN fighters, each lead by an Emir, were established in almost every Iraqi province.[55] The JRTN quickly became known for its military-like structure and precision in its attacks; forward deployed cells were organized into brigades, platoons, battalions, and companies.[56] However, despite the video propaganda released extolling this professional organization, the actual structure of JRTN’s army is likely more ad hoc than this nomenclature may suggest.[57]
Regardless, there is evidence that the JRTN utilizes an intricate and sophisticated system for planning and executing attacks. This system at least partially explains the noticeably high quality of JRTN fighters and the precision of the group’s attacks.[58] When an attack is first conceived, the JRTN leaders begin their planning by soliciting personal recommendations about each cell’s reliability.[59] After a particular cell is chosen to carry out an attack, JRTN leaders personally visit and evaluate the fighters in this cell. Trainers, who are usually former Revolutionary Guard elites, are then sent in to prepare the cell tactically.[60] This training usually includes an extended 90-day course during which fighters are physically and mentally pushed to their limits.[61] Reports suggest that the JRTN uses this process for both its own cells and cells from other insurgent groups that it subcontracts for individual attacks.[62]
The JRTN chooses its targets very carefully. It only targets fighters who operate in the name of the Maliki government, Iran, coalition forces, or insurgent groups that oppose the creation of a Ba’athist state in Iraq. The JRTN has explicitly forbidden its fighters from killing Iraqi citizens, regardless of their sectarian or ethnic affiliation.[63]
In carrying out its attacks, the JRTN has used light and medium rifles, IEDs, anti-tank RPG-7s, RKG-3 grenades, and various unspecified missiles.[64] According to some analysts, the JRTN’s ‘signature attack’ is a drive-by assassination.[65]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
Although the JRTN was known to be carrying out attacks prior to 2009, none were verifiably documented. This may be in part due to the JRTN’s strategy of subcontracting other militant organizations to carry out the attacks that it organizes and finances.[66]
February 2009: Hamas Iraq troops used Rocket Propelled Grenades to attack US forces in Baqouba, the provincial capital of Diyala. It was not until the Hamas Iraq cell was apprehended that the U.S. discovered that the cell had been subcontracted by the JRTN, which was responsible for planning, financing, and facilitating the attack (casualties unknown).[67]
February 18, 2011: A senior commander of the JRTN detonated an IED in a car showroom in the town of Muqdadiyah (7 killed, unknown wounded).[68]
June 10, 2014: The JRTN played a critical role in IS’s capture of Mosul and was responsible for seizing control of the five bridges that connected the western and eastern sections of the city (unknown casualties).[69]
June 21, 2014: JRTN soldiers clashed with IS fighters in the city of Hawija near Kirkuk. Reports differ as to whether the skirmish occurred because there was disagreement over which group would assume control of several captured oil tankers or because the JRTN fighters refused to lay down their weapons and swear fealty to IS leader Baghdadi (17 killed, unknown wounded).[70]
January 3, 2015: The JRTN used an RKG-3 to target an Iraqi Army convey west of Mosul (0 killed, 3 wounded).[71]
The U.S. Department of State labeled the JRTN as Specially Designated Global Terrorists and as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in September 2015.[72]
The JRTN works hard to foster positive relations with the communities in which it operates. By virtue of its Ba’athist roots, the organization has strong relations with many tribes across Kirkuk, Rashad, northern Diyala, Salah al-Din and Hawija.[73] Mimicking an old Hussein regime strategy, the JRTN typically cultivates alliances with a wide range of sub-tribes rather than attempting to negotiate with the most preeminent tribes, which are more prone to ideological interagency that could destabilize a larger alliance network.[74] From 2007-2011, JRTN tailored its rhetoric to match the specific dispositions of local populations, particularly playing on Sunni fears of an Iranian sponsored Shiite rebellion and framing the Coalition as the "unbeliever-occupier."[75] After the Coalition’s withdrawal in 2011, the JRTN turned its focus to the growing anti-Maliki sentiments among Iraq’s Sunni population. The group capitalized on such events as Maliki’s arrest of Sunni MP Ahmed al-Awani and the Iraqi Security Force’s (ISF) brutal crackdown on a protest in Hawija in April 2013 to bolster recruitment.[76]
Additionally, the JRTN has a history of publishing a local monthly magazine that promotes group ideology, reports recent military accomplishments, requests donations, and even has a question and answer section where readers can write in to ask theological questions that are then answered in the next addition by prominent Naqshabandi sheiks.[77] The group has also posted videos detailing its military endeavors, as well as speeches by prominent Ba’athist and Sufi leaders on its official website and YouTube channel. The JRTN has used all of these platforms—its magazine, website, and YouTube channel—to put out propaganda and recruit new members.[78]
Another important aspect of the JRTN’s public relations campaign has been its repeated promises not to kill Iraqi citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation or ethnicity, as long as they are not cooperating with the al-Maliki government.[79] The group had made a point to target the “occupiers” and “oppressors,” and it has strived to build a reputation as an “Iraqi first” group.[80] Where many other militant organizations in Iraq have large foreign components, the JRTN is almost entirely comprised of Iraqis—a fact that lends it credibility in the public’s eyes.[81]
One of the central messages promulgated by the JRTN has been the need for cooperation and unity among Iraq’s Sunni insurgent organizations.[82] The JRTN cooperated with Hamas Iraq, the 1920s Revolution Brigades, Ansar al-Sunna, the Islamic Army, and Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), often hiring them to carry out attacks on its chosen targets.[83] There is also evidence that the JRTN assisted in managing the finances, intelligence collection, and other logistics of these groups in exchange for video recordings of their attacks, which the JRTN then posted on its own online media outlets.[84] In 2013, the JRTN formalized several of these cooperative relationships when it helped to create the General Military Council for Iraq’s Revolutionaries (GMCIR), an umbrella organization comprised of several moderate Sunni militant groups, including the 1920s Revolution Brigades.[85] The JRTN also belongs to the Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation (SCJL), another umbrella organization in which the JRTN is the largest militant group.[86]
The alliance of convenience between the JRTN and IS, which began in late 2013, became increasingly strained throughout 2014 as cooperation born out of common interest gave way to ideological rivalry.[87] Whereas IS sought to establish a global caliphate, the JRTN sought the resurrection of a secular Ba’athist state within the internationally recognized borders of Iraq.[88] Despite these differences, however, the two groups initially cooperated in an effort to overthrow their mutual enemy, the Maliki government.[89] However, as early as June 16, 2014, reports surfaced of skirmishes between IS and JRTN fighters over the proliferation of Saddam Hussein banners in Mosul.[90] Then on June 21, 17 JRTN and IS fighters were killed when the two groups clashed in Hawija.[91] Reports vary on whether this clash was the result of the JRTN fighters’ refusal to swear allegiance to IS leader Baghdadi or if it was a tussle over control of two oil tankers.[92] Yet despite these clashes, on July 13, Douri publicly praised IS for its leadership in taking Mosul and expressed “the love and pride” he felt for the group.[93] It was not until April 2015 that the JRTN directly denounced IS. In a public statement, Douri claimed that “the bitterest enemies” of the Arab nation are those that subscribe to “Takfiri ideas.” Takfiri ideas are those that brand Muslims of different sects as infidels and call for their deaths—an ideology that IS subscribes to. As an Arab Nationalist group that claims to represent the Arab Nation, the JRTN was making clear its opposition to IS’s ideology. This tension between the JRTN’s secular, Arab Nationalist goals and IS’s vision of a Salafist caliphate heightened, and the groups’ alliance of convenience dissolved. After additional clashes between JRTN and IS forces in May 2015, Douri released another statement stating definitively that no alliance existed between the two groups.[94] However, neither group has openly declared war on the other.
Beginning in early 2015, the JRTN began cultivating a relationship with Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and other Arab states. The group made public statements praising the late Saudi king, eulogizing the Jordanian pilot burned alive by IS, congratulating Saudi Arabia’s new King Salman, and extolling the Saudi air campaign in Yemen.[95] These states have provided safe havens for the group’s leaders. This includes Douri, who purportedly ran JRTN operations from Qatar for a period of time after being taken there for emergency medical treatment.[96]
[1] "Ba'athists aiding insurgent attacks." The Washington Post, 4 June 2009. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/04/baathist-comeback-feared...
[2] Allum, Paul. “Sunni militant group, Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia, evolve in northern Iraq.” International Operations, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 June 16. <http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[3] Rollins, John W. "Foreign Terrorist Organization." Congressional Research Service. January 15, 2019. Accessed May 15, 2019. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/IF10613.pdf.
[4] Groll, Elias. “Saddam Deputy `King of Clubs’ Reported Dead in Iraq.” Foreign Policy, 17 April 2015. Web. 30 June 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/17/saddam_deputy_king_of_clubs_reported_dead_in_iraq/; Bakier, Abdul Hameed. "Ex-Baathists Turn to Naqshbandi Sufis to Legitimize Insurgency." The Jamestown Foundation, 28 July 2008. Web. 28 June 2015. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4639; Schimmel, Annemarie. “Sufism.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 July 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism>
[5] Knights, Michael. “Saddam Hussein’s Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq.” New Republic, 24 June 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-husseins-pal-key-stopping-isis; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[6] Knights, Michael. “Saddam Hussein’s Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq.” New Republic, 24 June 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-...
[7] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Iraq crisis: Key players in the Sunni rebellion.” BBC News, 26 June 2015. Web. 1 July 2014. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28053496>
[8] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; Ricks, Thomas. “Iraqi impasses (2): Sunni side up.” Foreign Policy, 8 Jan. 2015. Web. 25 June 2015. < http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/08/iraqi-impasses-2-sunni-side-up/>
[9] "The Insurgency." Official Website of the United States Force-Iraq, 31 July 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. <http://www.usfiraq.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=729&Itemid=45>
[10] “Northern Iraq ERB arrests multiple JRTN terror cell members," Official Website of the United States Force-Iraq, 13 December 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. <http://www.usf iraq.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=28950Itemid=128>
[11] Knights, Michael. “The next insurgency: Baasthists and Salafis pool resources to fight Iraqi government.” Gulf States Newsletter 34(885), 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 June 2015. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/4cb5e0af99213.pdf; Tomkins, Richard. "Analysis: Baathists beat nationalist drum." upi.com, 5 June 2009. Web. 14 July 2014. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/06/05/Analysis-Baathists-beat-nationalist-drum/UPI-97551244219425/; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[12] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[13] Wicken, Stephen; Lewis, Jessica. “From Protest to Armed Resistance: 2013 Iraq Update #24.” Institute for the Study of War, 14 June 2014. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://iswiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/control-of-terrain-in-iraq-july-13-2...
[14] Flood, Derek H. “Kirkuk’s Multidimensional Security Crisis.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 24 October 2013. Web. 14 July 2014 <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/kirkuks-multidimensional-security-crisis>
[15] “From Protest to Armed Resistance: 2013 Iraq Update #24.” Institute for the Study of War, 14 June 2014. Web. 14 July 2014. http://iswiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/control-of-terrain-in-iraq-july-13-2014.html; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Comprehensive guide to Sunni groups in Iraq.” 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 16 July 2015. <http://www.aymennjawad.org/14350/comprehensive-reference-guide-to-sunni-...
[16] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Iraq crisis: Key players in the Sunni rebellion.” BBC News, 26 June 2015. Web. 1 July 2014. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28053496>
[17] Heras, Nicholas A. “The Tribal Component of Iraq’s Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries.” Terrorism Monitor (12)13. The Jamestown Foundation, 26 June 2014. Web. 6 July 2015. <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4255...
[18] Heras, Nicholas A. “The Tribal Component of Iraq’s Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries.” Terrorism Monitor (12)13. The Jamestown Foundation, 26 June 2014. Web. 6 July 2015. <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4255...
[19] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-statement; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[20] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[21] Adnan, Sinan, and Aaron Reese. "Middle East Security Report 24: Beyond the Islamic State: Iraq’s Sunni Insurgency." Understanding War. October 2014. Accessed May 13, 2019. http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Sunni Insurgency in Iraq.pdf.
[22] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-statement; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[23] “ISIS executes Baathist officers.” NOW, 7 April 2015. Web. 26 June 2015. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/565091-isis-executes-baathist-officers; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[24] Wood, Shree. “Jaysh al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia.” Next Century Foundation, Date unknown. Web. 26 June 2015. http://ncfiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/jaysh-al-Tariq-al-naqshbandia.html; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[25] Wood, Shree. “Jaysh al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia.” Next Century Foundation, Date unknown. Web. 26 June 2015. http://ncfiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/jaysh-al-Tariq-al-naqshbandia.html; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[26] Ricks, Thomas. “Iraqi impasses (2): Sunni side up.” Foreign Policy, 8 Jan. 2015. Web. 25 June 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/08/iraqi-impasses-2-sunni-side-up/ ; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[27] Mustafa Habib, “Militias Betrayed By Mosul’s Extremists Say They Too Will Have Revenge,” Niqash, accessed August 13, 2018, http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/security/5395/.
[28] “ISIS’s New Insurgency in Kirkuk and Hawija in Iraq - Middle East - Jerusalem Post,” accessed August 13, 2018, https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/ISISs-new-insurgency-in-Kirkuk-and-Hawija-in-Iraq-544924.; “Insurgents Again: The Islamic State’s Calculated Reversion to Attrition in the Syria-Iraq Border Region and Beyond,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, December 21, 2017, https://ctc.usma.edu/insurgents-again-the-islamic-states-calculated-reversion-to-attrition-in-the-syria-iraq-border-region-and-beyond/.’; “What to Expect in Iraq After the Liberation of Mosul,” Jamestown, accessed August 13, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/expect-iraq-liberation-mosul/.; Institute For The Study Of War, “ISW Blog: Anticipating Iraq’s Next Sunni Insurgency,” ISW Blog (blog), November 30, 2016, http://iswresearch.blogspot.com/2016/11/anticipating-iraqs-next-sunni-insurgency.html.; “Warning Update: Iraq’s Sunni Insurgency Begins as ISIS Loses Ground in Mosul,” Institute for the Study of War, accessed August 13, 2018, http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/warning-update-iraq%E2%80%9....
[29] “Al-Douri, the King of Clubs, Resurfaces in Facebook Livestream,” SOFREP, April 10, 2018, https://sofrep.com/101798/al-douri-the-king-of-clubs-surfaces-in-faceboo....
[30] Rollins, John W. "Foreign Terrorist Organization." Congressional Research Service. January 15, 2019. Accessed May 15, 2019. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/IF10613.pdf.
[31] Knights, Michael. “Saddam Hussein’s Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq.” New Republic, 24 June 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-...
[32] Alkhashali, Hamdi; et al. “Hussein deputy, insurgent leader al-Douri, Iraqi TV reports.” CNN, 17 April 2015. Web. 17 July 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/17/middleeast/iraq-al-douri-killed/; "Ba'athists aiding insurgent attacks." The Washington Post, 4 June 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/04/baathist-comeback-feared/print/; “Saddam aide Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri `killed’ in Iraq.” BBC News, 17 April 2015. Web. 29 June 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32347036>
[33] “Baath-linked TV channels release recording of Saddam deputy.” APF, Yahoo News, 16 May 2015. Web. 29 June 2015. <https://news.yahoo.com/baath-party-tv-releases-recording-saddam-deputy-1...
[34] “Al-Douri, the King of Clubs, Resurfaces in Facebook Livestream,” SOFREP, April 10, 2018, https://sofrep.com/101798/al-douri-the-king-of-clubs-surfaces-in-faceboo....
[35] “Northern Iraq ERB arrests multiple JRTN terror cell members," Operation New Dawn, December 13, 2009 <http://www.usf iraq.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=28950Itemid=128>
[36] “Northern Iraq ERB arrests multiple JRTN terror cell members," Official Website of the United States Force-Iraq, 13 December 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. <http://www.usf iraq.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=28950Itemid=128>
[37] Harris, Shane. “The Re-Baathification of Iraq.” Foreign Policy, 21 August 2014. Web. 30 June 2014. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/21/the-re-baathification-of-iraq/>
[38] Harris, Shane. “The Re-Baathification of Iraq.” Foreign Policy, 21 August 2014. Web. 30 June 2014. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/21/the-re-baathification-of-iraq/>
[39] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[40] Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. “ISIS: Not alone in their conquest of Iraq.” New York Times, 20 June 2014. Web. 14 July 2014 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/06/19/isis-not-alo...
[41] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[42] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[43] Lewis, Jessica. “The Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham Captures Mosul and Advances Toward Baghdad.” Institute for the Study of War. 11 June 2014. Web. 8 July 2014 from http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/islamic-state-iraq-and-al-sham-captures-mosul-and-advances-toward-baghdad; Wicken, Stephen; Lewis, Jessica. “From Protest to Armed Resistance: 2013 Iraq Update #24.” Institute for the Study of War, 14 June 2014. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://iswiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/control-of-terrain-in-iraq-july-13-2...
[44] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; “ISIS executes Baathist officers.” NOW, 7 April 2015. Web. 26 June 2015. <https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/565091-isis-executes-baathist-of...
[45] Bakier, Abdul Hameed. "Ex-Baathists Turn to Naqshbandi Sufis to Legitimize Insurgency." The Jamestown Foundation, 28 July 2008. Web. 2 July 2015. <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4639>
[46] Knights, Michael. “Saddam Hussein’s Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq.” New Republic, 24 June 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-husseins-pal-key-stopping-isis; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. July 1, 2011, retrieved on July 9, 2014 from https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency
[47] Knights, Michael. “Saddam Hussein’s Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq.” New Republic. 24 June 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-...
[48] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[49] Wood, Shree. “Jaysh al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia.” Next Century Foundation, Date unknown. Web. 26 June 2015. http://ncfiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/jaysh-al-Tariq-al-naqshbandia.html; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[50] Lawrence, Quil. "U.S. Sees New Threat from Iraq in Sufi Sect." NPR, 17 June 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105507397; "Ba'athists aiding insurgent attacks," The Washington Times, 4 June 2009. Web. 2 July 2015. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/04/baathist-comeback-feared...
[51] USA. U.S. Department of State. BUREAU OF COUNTERTERRORISM AND COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM. Country Reports on Terrorism 2015: Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. 2015. Accessed April 12, 2019. https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257523.htm.
<http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[52] Ali, Rafid Fadhil. "Sufi Insurgent Groups in Iraq." Terrorism Monitor Volume: 6 (2). The Jamestown Foundation, 25 Jan. 2008. Web. 2 July 2015. http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4683&tx_ttnews[backPid]=167&no_cache=1; Wicken, Stephen; Lewis, Jessica. “From Protest to Armed Resistance: 2013 Iraq Update #24.” Institute for the Study of War Updates, 14 June 2014. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://iswiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/control-of-terrain-in-iraq-july-13-2...
[53] Tomkins, Richard. "Analysis: Baathists beat nationalist drum." upi.com, 5 June 2009. Web. 14 July 2014. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/06/05/Analysis-Baathists-beat-nationalist-drum/UPI-97551244219425/; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[54] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[55] Ali, Rafid Fadhil. "Sufi Insurgent Groups in Iraq." The Jamestown Foundation, 25 January 2008. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4683&tx...
[56] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[57] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[58] Knights, Michael. “The next insurgency: Baasthists and Salafis pool resources to fight Iraqi government.” Gulf States Newsletter 34(885), 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/4cb5e0af99213...
[59] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[60] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[61] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[62] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[63] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; Allum, Paul. “Sunni militant group, Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia, evolve in northern Iraq.” International Operations, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 June 16. <http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[64] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; Allum, Paul. “Sunni militant group, Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia, evolve in northern Iraq.” International Operations, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 June 16. <http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[65] “Warning Update: Iraq’s Sunni Insurgency Begins as ISIS Loses Ground in Mosul,” Institute for the Study of War, accessed August 13, 2018, http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/warning-update-iraq%E2%80%9....
[66] "Ba'athists aiding insurgent attacks." The Washington Post, 4 June 2009. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/04/baathist-comeback-feared...
[67] "Ba'athists aiding insurgent attacks." The Washington Post, 4 June 2009. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/04/baathist-comeback-feared...
[68] "Security forces detain alleged senior JRTN commander in Iraq's Diyala." Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Centre, 22 February 2011. Web. 14 July 2014. https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=6b506f0a05&view=att&th=12e7018b3960fb8d&attid=0.5&disp=vah&realattid=f_gkqexpkh4&zwhttps://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=6b506f0a05&view=att&th=12e7018b3960fb8d&attid=0.5&disp=vah&realattid=f_gkqexpkh4&zw; Allum, Paul. “Sunni militant group, Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia, evolve in northern Iraq.” International Operations, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 June 16. <http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[69] Wood, Shree. “Jaysh al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia.” Next Century Foundation, Date unknown. Web. 26 June 2015. <http://ncfiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/jaysh-al-Tariq-al-naqshbandia.html>
[70] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[71] Allum, Paul. “Sunni militant group, Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia, evolve in northern Iraq.” International Operations, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 June 16. <http://unityresourcesgroup.blogspot.com/2013/01/sunni-militant-group-jay...
[72] "Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters." U.S. Department of State. September 29, 2015. Accessed April 12, 2019. https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266516.htm.
[73] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[74] "Iraqi's Sufi-Baathist Insurgency." Jane's Terrorism and Security Monitor, 8 March 2010. Web. 14 July 2014. <https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=6b506f0a05&view=att&th=12e7018b396...
[75] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[76] "Last man standing: Saddam's longtime veep." upi.com, 4 November 2010. Web. 14 July 2014. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/11/04/Last-man-standing-Saddams-longtime-veep/UPI-11881288897426/; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; McGurk, Brett. “Al-Qaeda’s Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests: Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Iran and Iraq Brett McGurk, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, for the House Foreign Affairs Committee.” The US Department of State, 4 February 2014. Web. 14 July 2014 from <http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm>
[77] Pipes, Daniel. “Sufi Muslim violence, and the Prince of Wales.” Middle East Forum, 17 March 2008. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/122878>
[78] “جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية” You Tube. (L. Newby Trans.). Web. 30 June 2015. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpaDkB42rus3S4wgDncy87Q; Pipes, Daniel. “Sufi Muslim violence, and the Prince of Wales.” Middle East Forum, 17 March 2008. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/122878>
[79] Breslow, Jason. “How Saddam’s Former Soldiers are Fueling the Rise of ISIS.” PBS, 28 October 2014. Web. 30 June 2014. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/rise-of-isis/how-saddams-former-soldiers-are-fueling-the-rise-of-isis/; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[80] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[81] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[82] Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. yhttps://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgenc; الموقع الرسمي لجيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية. (L. Newby, Trans.) 30 June 2015. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.alnakshabandia.net>
[83] Knights, Michael. “The next insurgency: Baasthists and Salafis pool resources to fight Iraqi government.” Gulf States Newsletter 34(885), 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 June 2015. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/4cb5e0af99213.pdf; Tomkins, Richard. "Analysis: Baathists beat nationalist drum." upi.com, 5 June 2009. Web. 14 July 2014. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/06/05/Analysis-Baathists-beat-nationalist-drum/UPI-97551244219425/; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[84] Tomkins, Richard. "Analysis: Baathists beat nationalist drum." upi.com, 5 June 2009. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/06/05/Analysis-Baathists-beat-n...
[85] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[86] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-stat...
[87] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-stat...
[88] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. <http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-stat... Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[89] Jawad al-Tamimi, Aymenn. “Naqshbandi Army: Islamic New Year Statement: Translation and Analysis.” 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 June 2015. http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/10/naqshbandi-army-islamic-new-year-statement; Knights, Michael. “The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 July 2011. Web. 27 June 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq’s-next-insurgency>
[90] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[91] “ISIS executes Baathist officers.” NOW, 7 April 2015. Web. 26 June 2015. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/565091-isis-executes-baathist-officers; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[92] Greenfield, Daniel. “Al-Qaeda and Saddam’s Men Already Shooting At Eachother.” FrontPage. David Horowitz Freedom Center, 28 June 2014. Web. 6 July 2015. http://www.frontpagemag.com/point/234617/al-qaeda-and-saddams-men-already-shooting-each-daniel-greenfield; “Takfiri fighting leaves 17 dead in Iraq.” Alalam, 21 June 2014. Web. 6 July 2015. http://en.alalam.ir/news/1604657; “Iraq Crisis: Isis allies ‘Turn on Jihadists’ as 17 Killed in clashes near Kirkik.” The Telegraph, 21 June 2014. Web. 6 July 2015. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10916360/Iraq-...
[93] “ISIS executes Baathist officers.” NOW, 7 April 2015. Web. 26 June 2015. <https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/565091-isis-executes-baathist-of...
[94] Wood, Shree. “Jaysh al-Tariq al-Naqshbandia.” Next Century Foundation, Date unknown. Web. 26 June 2015. http://ncfiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/jaysh-al-Tariq-al-naqshbandia.html; Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.
[95] Jawad al-Tamini, Aymenn. “Enemy of My Enemy: Re-evaluating the Islamic State’s relationship with Ba’athist JRTN.” June 2015.; Qiyada. “Statement by the Men of the Naqshbandi Army on the process of rocket fire into the city of Hawija.” The Website of the Men of the Naqshbandi Army, (L. Newby, Trans.), 6 June 2015. Web. 22 June 2015. < http://www.alnakshabandia.net/army/>
[96] Heras, Nicholas A. “The Tribal Components of Iraq’s Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council of Iraqi Revolutionaries.” Terrorism Monitor: 12(13), 26 June 2014. Web. 1 July 2015.; Murphy, Jack. “Leading Ba’ath party member, Izzet al-Douri Injured by US airstrike in Sinjar, Iraq.” BAS News, 30 March 2015. Web. 1 July 2015. <http://www.basnews.com/en/news/2015/03/29/saddams-former-vice-president-...