Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
According to Hezbollah’s 1985 manifesto, its original goals were to destroy Israel, to expel Western influences from Lebanon and the wider Middle East, and to combat its enemies within Lebanon, particularly the Christian Phalanges Party. The group would “permit” Lebanese people to choose their own government, with the caveat that “only an Islamic regime can stop any further tentative attempts of imperialistic infiltration into [the] county.” [115] The group deemed the international system and the 1985 Lebanese government to be subject to imperial influences and hostile to Islam, and it denied Israel’s right to exist.[116] As Hezbollah’s constituency broadened to include more moderate Shiites, organization leaders like Hassan Nasrallah and Naim Qassem suggested that the manifesto was becoming more disconnected from the group’s operations and goals.[117]
In the early 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a non-state revolutionary group to a hybrid state actor, employing both political and violent means to achieve its goals. Hezbollah began to consider the established Lebanese political system an appropriate channel through which to gain influence. Today, Hezbollah’s activities and structure encompass many state-like characteristics.[118]
A new 2009 manifesto reflected large shifts in Hezbollah’s ideology since 1985. The 2009 manifesto emphasized national unity, denounced sectarianism, and did not single out Islamic governance as the only option for Lebanon’s future. However, not all of Hezbollah’s goals had changed. The group still sought to liberate Palestine, and the manifesto highlighted its continued opposition to the United States and commitment to fight Israeli expansion and aggression.[119]
In 2011, the group vocally supported many of the Arab Spring uprisings.[120] In Syria, however, Hezbollah also aimed to protect the Assad regime, one of its key allies in the region. The group has sent troops to support the Assad government in Syria and expel extremist Sunni militias from the country.[121] In 2016, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah vowed to continue the group’s military support of the Assad regime until it regained control of Syria.[122]
Hezbollah is active in Lebanese politics as a political party known as the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc. This political party was formed following the 1989 Taif Agreement, which ended the Lebanese Civil War. Before joining Lebanese politics in 1989, Hezbollah used the media to participate in national political discourse. In 1984, the group began publishing a weekly newspaper, al-Ahad, and started broadcasting two radio stations soon thereafter. In 1989, Hezbollah created its own television station, al-Manar. These media outlets published political commentary, news, cultural and Islamic programs, and propaganda associated with the organization’s fight against Israel and Western forces.[123]
After the 1989 Taif Agreement, Hezbollah militants had extensive internal debates about whether to enter the Lebanese political system. The organization eventually created a party that would act within the Lebanese political system but would also employ violence and the threat of violence as a tool in its political dealings. It ran in national elections for the first time in 1992 and won eight seats in the parliamentary elections.[124] Hezbollah also participated in the 1996, 2000, 2005, 2009, and 2018 national elections. The political party has focused largely on nonreligious themes, but officials say that Hezbollah members are required by Islamic law to support the party.[125]
In December 2006, Hezbollah’s political party led the opposition in a sit-in that resulted in eighteen months of political deadlock.[126] Tensions between the group and national government erupted again in May 2008, when the government began to follow through with a plan to shut down Hezbollah’s private telecommunications network. Violence broke out between government supporters and Hezbollah on the streets of Beirut while the Lebanese army largely sat out the conflict. Hezbollah and its supporters took over parts of Beirut, and there was speculation that the violence would lead to a coup. These worries were quelled when the Arab League brokered a settlement between the government and Hezbollah.[127] The settlement, called the Doha Agreement, granted Hezbollah veto power in the government and pledged that no political group would use weapons for domestic disputes.[128] During this political period, Hezbollah and the Amal party created the March 8th Alliance, a coalition of mostly Shiite Muslim and Syrian-backed parties.[129] Through the March 8th Alliance, Hezbollah consistently won a minority of parliament seats until the coalition’s collapse in 2013.
Hezbollah supported some Arab Spring movements but opposed the uprisings in Syria. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is a critical ally and supporter of Hezbollah. His fall subsequently would jeopardize Hezbollah’s power and security in the region, as well as weaken Hezbollah’s geographical access to Iran.[130] To help maintain Assad’s power, Hezbollah heavily invested in the Syrian civil war, sending nearly ten thousand troops and training dozens of Shia militias to fight against Syrian opposition forces.
In 2018, the March 8th Alliance emerged victorious from the Lebanese general election. The coalition – which included Hezbollah, the Shia Amal Movement, the Maronite Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), and allied parties – won 68 of 128 seats in parliament. Hezbollah itself secured 13 of the 68 coalition seats, neither gaining nor losing any seats won in the previous election.[131] The coalition secured enough seats to ensure a majority. The election notably weakened the U.S.-backed prime minister, Saad Hariri, and his supporters.[132]
In the 2018 elections, Hezbollah also gained control of three of the 30 ministries in the Lebanese governments, including the Ministry of Health.[133] In February 2019, U.S. officials warned that Hezbollah may exploit these ministries to funnel money or undertake terrorist activity throughout the region.[134]
Since 2019, the United States has increasingly put pressure on other countries to designate Hezbollah’s political wing as a terrorist organization. The United Kingdom added Hezbollah’s political wing to its list of terrorist groups in February 2019.[135] In July 2019, the U.S. Treasury added two top Hezbollah political leaders to its list of sanctioned individuals. This was the first instance the United States had designated a member of Lebanon’s government on a terrorist sanctions list.[136]
Hezbollah has targeted Israeli and Western military personnel and citizens, particularly in the Middle East. Most recently, the group has targeted the Syrian Sunni opposition forces and the Islamic State in the Syrian civil war. Hezbollah has also fought against government forces in Yemen in support of the Houthi rebels.
Hezbollah’s tactics have evolved since its creation. Beginning in the 1980s, the group commonly kidnapped foreigners and locals as leverage to bargain with the West and Israel.[137] Other forms of violent attacks against Israel during the occupation of Lebanon were largely limited to military targets.[138] In the 1980s and 1990s, Hezbollah engaged in large-scale attacks on Western and Israeli targets, which resulted in hundreds of casualties and drew attention to the group. In recent years, Hezbollah has developed elements of a more traditional military force, though it still engages in acts of terrorism. The group demonstrated its capabilities as a high functioning military in the Syrian civil war.[139] Hezbollah militias were considered by many as the most organized and effective fighting force in Syria. Despite its official opposition toward the U.S., the group has not explicitly targeted U.S. assets since the 1990s.[140]
After the 2000 Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, an extensive internal debate reportedly took place within Hezbollah concerning whether to focus on Lebanese politics at the expense of countering Israel. Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah reportedly consulted with Iranian Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei on the decision. The group chose to continue carrying out attacks against Israeli military targets. Between 2000 and 2006, Hezbollah attacks along the “Blue Line” and in contested farming areas in the south killed seventeen Israeli soldiers. Six Israeli civilians were also killed in this period, five of whom were killed in a Palestinian operation that may have received assistance from Hezbollah.[141]
Hezbollah’s focus on Israel diminished during the Syrian civil war. Instead, the group’s resources were directed toward training Syrian militias and fighting for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. In 2018, Hezbollah turned its attention back to Israel and has since been preparing for future conflict. The group began setting up cells and recruiting militants in the Syrian Golan Heights.[142] Later that year, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) also discovered systems of underground tunnels that would allow Hezbollah militants to enter Israel undetected.[143] In 2019, Hezbollah Secretary-General Nasrallah also announced that Hezbollah’s missile capabilities were advanced enough to reach any Israeli town or city.[144]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
Hezbollah is known for its attention-grabbing attacks worldwide, many of which are listed below. However, it should be noted that authorities have foiled a number of Hezbollah operations. A plan to attack the Israeli Embassy in Azerbaijan was stopped before it reached fruition, as was a 2008 plan to target Israeli tourists and ships in the Suez Canal. Other disrupted plots may be unknown to the public.[145]
November 1982: Hezbollah member Ahmad Qasir carried out a truck bombing against an Israeli headquarters in Tyre, killing at least 75 Israelis and fourteen Arab prisoners (89+ killed, unknown wounded).[146]
April 19, 1983: A suicide bombing on the U.S. Embassy in Beirut killed 63 people. The attack was attributed to militants of the Islamic Jihad, an early alias of Hezbollah (63 killed, unknown wounded).[147]
October 23, 1983: Hezbollah carried out a suicide bombing on French and American military barracks in Beirut, killing 241 American and 58 French servicemen.[148] While it never claimed responsibility, analysts typically agree that Hezbollah carried out the attack.[149] The attack prompted U.S. President Ronald Reagan to withdraw all U.S. Marines from Lebanon (299 killed, unknown wounded).[150]
June 14, 1985: Hezbollah members hijacked TWA flight 847, holding hostages for weeks. The group killed one hostage before ultimately freed the rest in exchange for the release of 300 Lebanese prisoners in Israel (1 killed, unknown wounded).[151]
March 17, 1992: Hezbollah operatives carried out a truck bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing twenty-nine and wounding 242 (29 killed, 242 wounded).[152]
July 18, 1994; Hezbollah was implicated in the bombing of the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. The group denied responsibility (85 killed, 200+ wounded).[153]
June 25, 1996: Hezbollah bombed the American Khobar Towers housing complex in Saudi Arabia, killing 19 (19 killed, unknown wounded).[154]
February 14, 2005: In 2011, the United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon indicted four members of Hezbollah for the February 2005 car bomb assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri. The attack also killed 20 others (21 killed, unknown wounded).[155]
July 12, 2006: Hezbollah kidnapped two Israeli soldiers and killed eight more, sparking a month-long war with Israel (8 killed, unknown wounded)[156]
January 2007: In January 2007, a Shia militant group attacked the Karbala Provincial Joint Coordination Center in Iraq, killing five American soldiers. The United States claims that Hezbollah helped plan and provide resources for the attack (5 killed, unknown wounded).[157]
May 2008: Hezbollah took over parts of Beirut after the government called for the group to disarm, giving rise to street violence and causing over 60 deaths.[158] The government then entered negotiations with Hezbollah, and the resulting agreement gave Hezbollah veto power in the national cabinet (60 killed, unknown wounded).[159]
May 2011: Hezbollah carried out two attacks against United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon in late May 2011 (0 killed, 11 wounded).[160]
July 18, 2012: Hezbollah’s international wing bombed an Israeli tour bus in Bulgaria, killing five Israelis and the Bulgarian bus driver. This was the first successful attack in a campaign to increase global operations beginning around 2008. Hezbollah has denied responsibility for the bombing (6 killed, unknown wounded).[161]
May 29, 2013: Hezbollah collaborated with and led the Syrian Army in their attack on al-Qusayr, a rebel stronghold. This was the group’s first major activity in the Syrian civil war after months of rumored involvement. Hezbollah and the Syrian Army were victorious, marking a turning point in the war in which Assad began to regain control of key strategic territory (casualties unknown).[162]
January 28, 2015: Hezbollah fired anti-tank missiles at Israeli soldiers in the disputed Har Dov area between Lebanon and Syria, killing two. In a separate border incident on the same day between Israel and Hezbollah, a United Nations Interim Force member was killed (3 killed, 7+ wounded).[163]
May 2015: During the final two weeks of May 2015, Hezbollah forces were engaged in heavy fighting against Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic State forces across the Qalamoun mountain range in western Syria. By early June, Hezbollah had recaptured much of the mountain range and reopened a path from Lebanon into Syria (casualties unknown).[164]
April 2, 2016: Hezbollah and Syrian government forces clashed with Syrian rebel troops belonging to Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, and the Free Syrian Army near the village of Tal al-Ais outside of Aleppo. Eight Hezbollah troops were killed in addition to 25 pro-Assad forces and 18 rebels (51 killed, unknown wounded).[165]
November 2017: Hezbollah led an offensive against the Islamic State in Syria’s Deir Ezzor province, inflicting heavy civilian casualties. Hezbollah fought alongside Iran-sponsored Iraqi Shia militias supported by Russian air strikes (50+ killed, unknown wounded).[166]
February-April 2018: Hezbollah and Syrian forces launched an assault on Ghouta, Syria. Hezbollah reportedly sent at least 3,000 troops to fight, at least 100 of which were killed. As of March 2018, 1,100 civilians had been killed in the fighting (1,200+ killed, unknown wounded).[167]
June 2018: A senior Hezbollah field officer executed 23 Syrian soldiers near the town of Hirbat Ghazala. The soldiers had refused to cross “Death Bridge” where they would have been vulnerable to rebel fire (23 killed, 0 wounded).[168]
September 2019: Hezbollah militants fired anti-tank missiles at an Israeli military base in Northern Israel. Hezbollah stated that the attack was conducted in response to attacks its members received in Syria.[169]
August 25, 2020: Hezbollah snipers fired shots at Israeli troops across the Lebanon-Israel border, using the positions of United Nations Peacekeepers stationed along the border for cover. Israel responded the next day by carrying out strikes against Hezbollah observation posts in Lebanon. There were no reported casualties from Hezbollah’s gunfire or Israel’s strikes (0 killed, 0 wounded).[170]
The designations listed below largely focus on Hezbollah and not its political wing, the Loyalty to the Resistance Block. Since 2019, the United States has increasingly put pressure on other countries to designate Hezbollah’s political wing as a terrorist organization. The United Kingdom added Hezbollah’s political wing to its list of terrorist groups in February 2019.[171] In July 2019, the U.S. Treasury added two top Hezbollah political leaders to its list of sanctioned individuals. This was the first instance the United States had designated a member of Lebanon’s government on a terrorist sanctions list.[172]
It should also be noted that Lebanon does not consider Hezbollah to be a terrorist organization[173]
After World War II, Shia Muslims became a marginalized group in Lebanon. They bore the brunt of the struggle with Israel, suffered poor economic conditions, and traditionally wielded little political power.[188] The Lebanese government also regularly ignored civilian needs in the Shia-dominated south.[189] The state grew particularly ineffective as a service provider during the Lebanese Civil War. It was during this time that civil service organizations, including Hezbollah, developed a reputation for providing necessary services to Shiite Lebanese citizens.[190]
While the exact date Hezbollah first became involved in social services is not known, it earned a reputation as a movement of the poor early in the 1980s.[191] Hezbollah is now deeply engrained in Lebanese Shia society. It has used social outreach to cement the political support of the Shia community, recruit new members, and spread its interpretation of Islam.[192] Hezbollah has provided a number of social services throughout Lebanon, most of which have been concentrated in the south. The group has operated schools, clinics, and hospitals. It has also collected garbage, provided credit assistance, and delivered drinking water.[193] In 2006, it was estimated that Hezbollah’s schools assisted about 14,000 students.[194]
Hezbollah’s social services sector is composed of multiple non-governmental organizations (NGOs) grouped under three branches: the Social Unit, the Islamic Health Unit, and the Education Unit. The work of the Social Unit spans across a number of areas, from the construction of neighborhood infrastructure to the assistance of the families of killed Hezbollah militants. The Islamic Health Unit operates a number of hospitals, clinics, and social health programs. The Education Unit oversees schools and provides tuition scholarships to gifted students.[195]
Hezbollah has also built local trust by providing humanitarian assistance in the wake of Israeli attacks. In 1996, the group claimed to have rebuilt 5,000 homes in 82 villages after an Israeli attack. After the 2006 war with Israel, the group suspended its military efforts to provide reconstruction and social services to Lebanese citizens. Hezbollah has often advertised their health services to the Lebanese population after an Israeli attack and has received heightened media coverage in turn.[196] While Hezbollah targets the Shia community with its services, the organization’s efforts also reach members of other Lebanese sects.[197]
Though its relations with the Shia population remain positive, Hezbollah’s participation in the Syrian Civil War has worsened its relationship with Lebanon’s Sunni population. Many Lebanese Sunnis initially supported the Syrian opposition, most of which was composed of Sunni militias. Hezbollah’s support of the Assad regime has driven many Lebanese Sunnis to turn away from Hezbollah. Some Sunnis near Tripoli have adopted a radicalized, anti-Hezbollah agenda and mounted attacks in Hezbollah territory. The most recent of these attacks took place in November 2015 and resulted in the deaths of 43 people.[198]
Recent 2018 sanctions on Iran—Hezbollah’s primary patron—have affected the group’s ability to serve the Lebanese population. The group has frozen all financing, merged several institutions, and closed hundreds of offices and apartments in Lebanon.[199] Hezbollah’s social services budget has also decreased, following an early reduction in 2013. Although Hezbollah gains support from the community by providing social services, it has also been criticized by many in Lebanese society for its role in inciting Israeli attacks.[200]
Hezbollah has had a complicated relationship with Amal since it originally splintered from the group. As Hezbollah expanded, it came into direct competition and conflict with Amal. Whereas Amal operated as a secular and reformist organization, Hezbollah mirrored Iran’s model of clerical rule.[201] Amal also chose to cooperate with the Maronite and Sunni factions from northern Lebanon, while Hezbollah preferred to work outside the existing political system. Finally, whereas Amal received the majority of its funding from the Assad Regime in Syria, Hezbollah was financed by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and clashed with the Syrian-backed Christian and Sunni groups from northern Lebanon. Competing over the support of the southern Lebanon’s Shia population, Amal and Hezbollah came into direct conflict during the 1980s. The most prominent conflict arose in 1988 when they clashed over the kidnapping of U.S. Marine Lt. Colonel William R. Higgins, leading to a lasting feud between the two groups.[202]
The end of the Lebanese civil war shifted the nature of the relationship between Amal and Hezbollah. Amal surrendered its arms following the civil war, while Hezbollah remained the only armed Lebanese militia. This changed the relationship between the two groups; Hezbollah’s decision to remained armed allowed them to become the most important non-state actor in the region, passing Amal. Since the 1990s, the groups have often worked together in politics. For example, an Amal-Hezbollah bloc won all parliamentary seats in southern Lebanon in the 2000 national elections.[203] Although signs of traditional competition and rivalry remain between the two groups, necessary alliance and accommodation is required to face mutual political opponents.
Hezbollah has trained and assisted Palestinian terrorist organizations, including Al-Aqsa Martyrs and Hamas. Hezbollah has a special unit – Unit 1800, or the “Nun Unit” – solely responsible for supporting Palestinian militants.[204] It also maintains close ties with Hamas, providing financial support and military training to its armed branch. Some analysis claim that Hezbollah has acted as “a role model” for Hamas due to its own political success.[205] In 2019, Hezbollah financed a radio tower based in Hamas-controlled Gaza in 2019 with the power to broadcast into Israeli territory.[206]
Hezbollah has had a troubled relationship with Sunni militant groups. In April 2006, Al Qaeda attempted to assassinate Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah because of his frequent condemnations AQ attacks.[207] In 2013, Hezbollah began sending fighters to Syria to assist Assad’s army in the fight against Sunni rebel groups, including the Islamic State, Ahrar al-Sham, Jabhat al-Nusra, and elements of the Free Syrian Army.[208]
In Iraq, Hezbollah has sustained relationships with several Shiite militant groups, including the Mahdi Army (now known as the Peace Brigades), the Dawa Party, and the Badr Organization.[209] These groups have significant experience training and cooperating with Hezbollah. Hezbollah was particularly instrumental in training the initial members of these groups following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.[210] Hezbollah created Unit 3800 in 2003 with the purpose of supporting Iraqi Shiite militant groups targeting U.S. forces. According to U.S. intelligence, Unit 3800 sent personnel to Iraq with the purpose of training hundreds of Shia militants.[211] Hezbollah supplied the militants with funds and weapons. The Hezbollah sponsored groups were instrumental in planning several attacks in Iraq, including the 2007 attack on the Karbala Joint Coordination Center, which caused deaths of five Americans.[212]
After 2014, Hezbollah also became increasingly involved in the insurgency in Iraq, sending aid and military advisors to Iranian-backed Shiite paramilitaries. The two most prominent recipients of Hezbollah aid in Iraq were Asa’ib Ahl al-Haqq (AAH) and Kata’ib Hezbollah (KH).[213] Hezbollah has helped finance and train both KH and AAH since their inception in the mid-2000s. Hezbollah has also fought alongside AAH and KH militants in the Syrian civil war. [214]
Since 2014, Unit 3800 has primarily been put to work in Yemen. There, Hezbollah militants have helped the Houthis, a Shiite rebel group, conduct an insurgency against Yemen’s government.[215]
Hezbollah was initially involved in transferring funds and training Shiite insurgents. [216] Hezbollah later began sending militants to the region as the war progressed. In 2018, eight Hezbollah militants were killed in northwest Yemen, a stronghold of the Iran-backed Houthi rebels.[217] Houthi-affiliated radio stations in Yemen have collected donations for Hezbollah, with some campaigns raising over $130,000.[218] These donations are meant to counter recent U.S. sanctions on Hezbollah and Iran.
Although Hezbollah has close ties to Iran and the Syrian government, its relationship to both nations has fluctuated over time. The level of financial support that Hezbollah receives from Iran has largely depended on those in power in Iran’s government. For example, Iranian funding to Hezbollah was generous under Ayatollah Khomeini, who is often credited with Hezbollah’s inception. However, funding for Hezbollah decreased dramatically for a period after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989.[219] The 2018 U.S. sanctions imposed on Iran have also recently hindered the country’s ability to finance Hezbollah.[220]
Hezbollah has also had a complicated relationship with Syria. During the Syrian occupation of Lebanon in the 1980s, Hezbollah and Syrian Army units clashed multiple times in the border areas between Lebanon and Syria.[221] Hezbollah also often came into conflict with the Shia group Amal, which was financed and supported by Syria. After Syria’s withdrawal from Lebanon in 2005, however, Hezbollah believed its relationship with Syria was crucial to its continued resistance against Israel.[222] Hezbollah’s 2013 participation in the Syrian civil war awarded them the upper hand in their relationship with Assad. These have exploited this advantage by pursuing political aims in Syria, such as establishing terror cells in the Golan Heights. [223]
[1] "Terrorist Attacks against Americans, 1979-1988." Frontline: Target America. PBS, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014; "Incident 198304180001." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014.
[2] Country Reports on Terrorism 2019. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, 2019. Web. 7 May 2021.; "Incident 201909010003." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 7 May 2021.
[3] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 899-916. Web.
[4] Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar. In the Path of Hizbullah. Syracuse University Press, 2004. Print.
[5] Harik, Judith Palmer. Hezbollah – The Changing Face of Terrorism, I.B. Tauris & Co, 2004. Print
[6] Goldberg, Jeffrey. “In the Party of God: Are Terrorists in Lebanon Preparing for a Larger Goal?” The New Yorker, Oct. 14, 2002.
[7] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 33. Print.
[8] Israel. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Historical Documents. 104 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut. N.p., 8 Feb. 1983. Web. 13 Mar. 2015; Anziska, Seth. "A Preventable Massacre." The New York Times. N.p., 16 Sept. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2015.
[9] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 66. Print.
[10] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012; "Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah." BBC News. 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2015; Addis, Casey, and Christopher Blanchard. CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress. Rep. Congressional Research Service, 3 Jan. 2011: 7. Web. 8 Feb. 2015; Deeb, Marius. Syria’s Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
[11] Hudson, Rex. “The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?” Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 17 Aug. 2006.
[12] Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. London: C. Hurst and, 2013. 12. Print.
[13] Worth, Robert. "Hezbollah’s Rise Amid Chaos." New York Times. N.p., 15 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 June 2014; Addis, Casey, and Christopher Blanchard. CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress. Rep. Congressional Research Service, 3 Jan. 2011: 7-8. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
[14] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 34-45. Print.
[15] "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program." Primary Sources. Council on Foreign Relations, 01 Jan. 1988. Web. 27 June 2014.
[16] Mahmud A Faksh, “The Shi'a community of Lebanon: a new assertive political force,” Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, XIV (3), Spring 1991, p 51, fn. 61.
[17] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 80. Print.
[18] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 90. Print.
[19] Specter, Michael. "Terry Anderson Receives Hero's Welcome at A.P." The New York Times. 10 Dec. 1991. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
[20] Mahmud A Faksh, 'The Shi'a community of Lebanon: a new assertive political force', Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, XIV (3), Spring 1991.
[21] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012; Thomas Collelo, ed. Lebanon: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987; Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 42. Print; Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. London: C. Hurst and, 2013. 13 and 222. Print.
[22] Pearson, Erica. The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Ed. Gus Martin. Second ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2011. 595-6. Print.
[23] United States. U.S. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 June 2014; United States. U.S. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994. N.p., Apr. 1995. Web. 27 June 2014.
[24] Leonnig, Carol D. "Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack." Washington Post. N.p., 23 Dec. 2006. Web. 27 June 2014; "Incident 199606250006." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 27 June 2014.
[25] Cammett, Melani. "Habitat for Hezbollah." Habitat for Hezbollah Comments. Foreign Policy, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 20 Feb. 2015.
[26] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 126. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[27] Hamzeh, Nizar. “Lebanon's Hizbullah: from Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation.” Third World Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 2, 1993. American University of Beirut.
[28] Worth, Robert, and Nada Bakri. "Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger." The New York Times. 21 May 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2015; Shadid, Anthony. "In Lebanon, Saniora Stiffens His Resistance / Prime Minister Rallies His Backers, Mostly Sunnis, against Hezbollah and Its Allies." SFGate. San Fransisco Chronicle, 15 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[29] Worth, Robert, and Nada Bakri. "Hezbollah Seizes Swath of Beirut From U.S.-Backed Lebanon Government." The New York Times. 9 May 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[30] "Lebanon Rivals Agree Crisis Deal." BBC News. BBC, 21 May 2008. Web. 26 June 2014; Worth, Robert F., and Nada Bakri. "Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger." The New York Times. N.p., 21 May 2008. Web. 09 Mar. 2015.
[31] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 90. Print.
[32] Worth, Robert. "Hezbollah’s Rise Amid Chaos." New York Times. N.p., 15 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 June 2014; “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[33] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012.
[34] Zisser, Eyal. “The Israeli-Syrian-Lebanese Triangle: The Renewed Struggle over Lebanon.” Israeli Affairs 15, no. 4 (18 Sep 2009).
[35] "Who Are Hezbollah?" BBC News. BBC, 07 Apr. 2010. Web. 26 June 2014; "Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah." BBC News. N.p., 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 27 June 2014.
[36] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[37] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[38] Wyer, Sam. “The Resurgence of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq.” Middle East Security Report 7, Institute for the Study of War, December 2012. Web. 30 July 2015; Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[39] Jones, Seth G. and Markusen, Maxwell B. “The Escalating Conflict with Hezbollah in Syria” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jun. 2018
[40] Jones, Seth G. and Markusen, Maxwell B. “The Escalating Conflict with Hezbollah in Syria” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jun. 2018
[41] De Luce, Dan. “Syrian War Takes Rising Toll on Hezbollah.” Foreign Policy, 9 July 2015. Web. 25 April 2016.
[42] Perry, Tom, et al. “Hezbollah, Other Shi'ite Allies Helped Assad Win in Aleppo.” Reuters, 14 Dec. 2016.
[43] Ali, Mohanad Hage. “Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 29 Mar. 2019.
[44] Ali, Mohanad Hage. “Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 29 Mar. 2019.
[45] Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016; “Eight Hezbollah fighters killed in Aleppo clashes over weekend.” The Daily Star Lebanon, 4 April 2016. Web. 20 April 2016; De Luce, Dan. “Syrian War Takes Rising Toll on Hezbollah.” Foreign Policy, 9 July 2015. Web. 25 April 2016.
[46] Kajjo, Sirwan. “Hezbollah Leader: We Have Reduced our Military Presence in Syria.” VOA News, 14 Jul. 2019
[47] Chulov, Martin. “Censured by Britain, Hezbollah is bigger than ever in Beirut” The Guardian, 02 Mar. 2019
Jones, Seth G. and Markusen, Maxwell B. “The Escalating Conflict with Hezbollah in Syria” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jun. 2018
[48] Clarke, Colin P., and Chad C. Serena. “Hezbollah Is Winning the War in Syria.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 30 Jan. 2017
[49] “Hezbollah Leader ‘Abu Jaafar’ Killed in Syria.” Al Arabiya English, 5 April 2016.
[50] Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[51] Anderson, Sulome. “Hezbollah Is the Real Winner of the Battle of Aleppo.” Newsweek, 14 Jan. 2017
[52] Nader, Sami. “Can Hezbollah withstand Saudis’ wrath?” Al-Monitor, 23 March 2016. Web. 20 April 2016; Karami, Arash. “OIC conference begins with Iran-Saudi spat.” Al-Monitor, 14 April 2016. Web. 25 April 2016; “Hezbollah lambastes OIC over terrorist group label.” The Daily Star Lebanon, 18 April 2016. Web. 25 20 April 2016.
[53] Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah’s Death Valley.” Foreign Policy, 2 March 2015. Web. 20 April 2016; Wood, L. Todd. “Hezbollah acquires advance Russian air-defense systems.” 8 April 2016. Web. 20 April 2016.
[54] Clarke, Colin P., and Chad C. Serena. “Hezbollah Is Winning the War in Syria.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 30 Jan. 2017
[55] George, Susannah. "This Is Not Your Father’s Hezbollah." Foreign Policy. 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/this-is-not-your-fathers-hezbollah/>.
[56] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[57] Riyadh, Aden. “Eight Hezbollah fighters killed in Yemen.” The Daily Star, 26 Jun. 2018
[58] Kubovich, Yaniv. “Hezbollah Entrenching Itself in Syrian Golan, Establishing Terror Infrastructure, Israeli Army Says.” Haaretz, 13 Mar. 2019
[59] Kubovich, Yaniv. “Hezbollah Entrenching Itself in Syrian Golan, Establishing Terror Infrastructure, Israeli Army Says.” Haaretz, 13 Mar. 2019
[60] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[61] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 904. Web.
[62] Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. London: C. Hurst and, 2013. 13. Print.
[63] Haberman, Clyde. "Israelis Kill Chief of Pro-Iranian Shiites in South Lebanon." New York Times. N.p., 17 Feb. 1992. Web. 25 June 2014.
[64] Profile: Sayed Hassan Nasrallah. Aljazeera, 10 Apr. 2006.
[65] "Profile: Hassan Nasrallah." Backgrounders. Council on Foreign Relations, 11 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 June 2014.
[66] Mroue, Bassem. “Hezbollah Chief Says Group Is Fighting in Syria.” Yahoo! News, Yahoo!, 25 May 2013
[67] Perry, Smadar. “Where Has Hassan Nasrallah Gone?” Ynetnews, Ynetnews, 14 Jan. 2019
[68] Bakri, Nada, and Graham Bowley. "Top Hezbollah Commander Killed in Syria." New York Times. New York Times, 13 Feb. 2008. Web. 26 June 2014; Goldman, Adam, and Ellen Nakashima. "CIA and Mossad Killed Senior Hezbollah Figure in Car Bombing." Washington Post. 30 Jan. 2015. Web. 2 Feb. 2015.
[69] "Press Center." Treasury Designates Hizballah Leadership. 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 Feb. 2015; Chulov, Martin and Kareem Shaheen. “Leading Hezbollah commander and key Israel target killed in Syria.” The Guardian, 12 May 2016. Web. 13 May 2016; “Top Hezbollah Commander Killed in Syria.” Foreign Policy: The Middle East Daily, 13 May 2016. Web. 13 May 2016.
[70] Barnard, Anne. "Hezbollah Appears to Acknowledge a Spy at the Top." The New York Times. 5 Jan. 2015. Web. 6 Feb. 2015.
[71] Naim Qassem. Counter Extremism, 2019
[72] "Press Center." Treasury Designates Hizballah Leadership. 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 Feb. 2015.
[73] “Who are the two Hezbollah Commanders Wanted by the U.S.?” Haaretz. 11 October 2017. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/who-are-the-two-hezbollah-leaders-wanted...
[74] “Talal Hamiyah.” Counter Extremism Project. 2019. Accessed 19 July 2019. https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/talal-hamiyah
[75] “Who are the two Hezbollah Commanders Wanted by the U.S.?” Haaretz. 11 October 2017. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/who-are-the-two-hezbollah-leaders-wanted...
[76] Ahronheim, Anna. “US Offers Millions for Two Top Hezbollah Operatives.” The Jerusalem Post, 11 Oct. 2017
[77] “Ali Mussa Daqduq: Portrait of the Commander of Hezbollah’s military network in the Syrian Golan Heights.” The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, 19 Mar. 2019
[78] Issacharoff, Avi. “Hezbollah is now giving orders to Syria’s army – and using it to spy on Israel.” The Times of Israel, 24 Jun. 2019
[79] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012; "Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah." BBC News. 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[80]Blandford, Nicholas. “Israel raises alarm over advances by Hizbullah and Iran.” Jane’s by IHS Markit, 2017
[81] ““Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[82] Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[83]Blandford, Nicholas. “Israel raises alarm over advances by Hizbullah and Iran.” Jane’s by IHS Markit, 2017
[84] Jones, Seth G. and Markusen, Maxwell B. “The Escalating Conflict with Hezbollah in Syria” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jun. 2018
[85] Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. 2010: 124. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
[86] Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. 2010: 255. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. London: C. Hurst and, 2013. 323. Print.
[87] Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. London: C. Hurst and, 2013. 323. Print.
[88] Levitt, Matthew. "Unit 1800." Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 208-37. Print.
[89] Dehghanpisheh, Babak. “Iran recruits Pakistani Shi’ites for combat in Syria” Reuters, 10 Dec. 2015
[90] Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
[91] Levitt, Matthew. “Hezbollah Finances: Funding the Party of God.” The Washington Institute, 13 Feb. 2005
[92] Levitt, Matthew. “Hezbollah’s Procurement Channels: Leveraging Criminal Networks and Partnering with Iran.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point 12, no. 3 (March 2019).
[93] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[94] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[95] “Hezbollah calls on supporters to donate as sanctions pressure bites.” Reuters, 08 Mar. 2019
[96] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[97] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[98] “Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria.” International Crisis Group, 27 May 2014. Web. 25 June 2014.
[99] Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. 2010: 195. Web. 8 Feb. 2015; Country Reports on Terrorism 2009. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. 2010: 134. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
[100] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[101] Wood, L. Todd. “Hezbollah acquires advance Russian air-defense systems.” 8 April 2016. Web. 20 April 2016.
[102] Hezbollah. The American Israel Public Affairs Committee, 2019
https://www.aipac.org/-/media/publications/policy-and-politics/fact-shee...
[103] Khoury, Jack. “Nasrallah Says Hezbollah Has Precision Missiles That Could Strike Targets Throughout Israel.” Haaretz, 01 Jun. 2019
[104] Hezbollah. The American Israel Public Affairs Committee, 2019, https://www.aipac.org/-/media/publications/policy-and-politics/fact-shee...
[105]Jones, Seth G. and Markusen, Maxwell B. “The Escalating Conflict with Hezbollah in Syria” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jun. 2018
[106] Worth, Robert. "Hezbollah’s Rise Amid Chaos." New York Times. N.p., 15 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 June 2014.
[107] Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Print; “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[108] Wyer, Sam. “The Resurgence of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq.” Middle East Security Report 7, Institute for the Study of War, December 2012. Web. 30 July 2015; Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[109] Levitt, Matthew. “Hezbollah isn’t just in Beirut. It’s in New York, Too.” Foreign Policy, 14 Jun. 2019
[110] Hubbard, Ben. "Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose." New York Times 20 May 2014: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 25 June 2014.
[111] De Luce, Dan. “Syrian War Takes Rising Toll on Hezbollah.” Foreign Policy, 9 July 2015. Web. 25 April 2016.
[112] Gross, Judah Ari. “IDF says it exposed new Hezbollah cell in Syrian Golan Heights.” Times of Israel, 13 Mar. 2019
[113] Kubovich, Yaniv. “Hezbollah Entrenching Itself in Syrian Golan, Establishing Infrastructure, Israeli Army Says.” Haaretz, 13 Mar. 2019
[114] Ali, Mohanad Hage. “Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 29 Mar. 2019.
[115] "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program." Primary Sources. Council on Foreign Relations, 01 Jan. 1988. Web. 27 June 2014.
[116] "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program." Primary Sources. Council on Foreign Relations, 01 Jan. 1988. Web. 27 June 2014.
[117] "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program." Primary Sources. Council on Foreign Relations, 01 Jan. 1988. Web. 27 June 2014; Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 34-45. Print.
[118] Levi, Roman. “Changes in Hebollah’s Identity and Fundamental Worldview.” Strategic Assessment, vol. 19, no. 2, Jul. 2016
[119] Thomas Collelo, ed. Lebanon: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987; Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 175. Print.
[120] Berti, Benedetta. "Hizb Allah's Position on the Arab Spring." Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, 1 June 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2015.
[121] George, Susannah. "This Is Not Your Father’s Hezbollah." Foreign Policy. 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.
[122] “Syria Regime Digs In On Bashar Al Assad As Hezbollah Vows To Fight On.” NDTV, 22 March 2016. Web. 20 April 2016.
[123] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 905. Web; “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[124] Masters, Johnathan, and Zachary Laub. "Hezbollah." Backgrounders. Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Jan. 2014. Web. 24 June 2014.
[125] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 78102 Print.
[126] Worth, Robert, and Nada Bakri. "Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger." The New York Times. 21 May 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2015; Shadid, Anthony. "In Lebanon, Saniora Stiffens His Resistance / Prime Minister Rallies His Backers, Mostly Sunnis, against Hezbollah and Its Allies." SFGate. San Fransisco Chronicle, 15 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[127] Worth, Robert, and Nada Bakri. "Hezbollah Seizes Swath of Beirut From U.S.-Backed Lebanon Government." The New York Times. 9 May 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[128] "Lebanon Rivals Agree Crisis Deal." BBC News. BBC, 21 May 2008. Web. 26 June 2014; Worth, Robert F., and Nada Bakri. "Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger." The New York Times. N.p., 21 May 2008. Web. 09 Mar. 2015.
[129] “U.S.-Backed Alliance Wins in Lebanon.” New York Times, 07 June 2009.
[130] “Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria.” International Crisis Group, 27 May 2014. Web. 25 June 2014.
[131] Humud, Carla. “Lebanon’s 2018 Election.” CRS Insight, 11 May 2018
[132] Yee, Vivian, and Hwaida Saad. “As Hezbollah Rises in Lebanon's Government, Fears About U.S. Response Follow.” The New York Times, 1 Feb. 2019
[133] “Hezbollah calls on supporters to donate as sanctions pressure bites.” Reuters, 08 Mar. 2019
[134] Yee, Vivian, and Hwaida Saad. “As Hezbollah Rises in Lebanon's Government, Fears About U.S. Response Follow.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Feb. 2019
[135] Hall, Richard. “Hezbollah added to UK’s list of terrorist groups.” Independent, 25 Feb. 2019
[136] “US puts Hezbollah MPs in Lebanon on sanctions list for first time.” Ajazeera, 9 Jul. 2019.
[137] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 907. Web.
[138] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 77. Print.
[139] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[140] Addis, Casey, and Christopher Blanchard. CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress. Rep. Congressional Research Service, 3 Jan. 2011: 5. Web. 8 Feb. 2015.
[141] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 90 Print.
[142] Kubovich, Yaniv. “Hezbollah Entrenching Itself in Syrian Golan, Establishing Terror Infrastructure, Israeli Army Says.” Haaretz, 13 Mar. 2019
[143] Staff, Toi and Judah Ari Gross. “IDF reveals longest, most significant Hezbollah tunnel on Northern border.” The Times of Israel, 30 May 2019
[144] Khoury, Jack. “Nasrallah Says Hezbollah Has Precision Missiles That Could Strike Targets Throughout Israel.” Haaretz, 01 Jun. 2019
[145] "Hizballah." Terrorist Groups. National Counterterrorism Center. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.
[146] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 80 Print.
[147] "Terrorist Attacks against Americans, 1979-1988." Frontline: Target America. PBS, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014; "Incident 198304180001." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014.
[148] Worth, Robert. "Hezbollah’s Rise Amid Chaos." New York Times. N.p., 15 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/weekinreview/16worth.html>; "Incident 198310230007." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014; "Incident 198310230008." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014.
[149] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 906. Web; "Terrorist Attacks against Americans, 1979-1988." Frontline: Target America. PBS, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014.
[150] Masters, Johnathan, and Zachary Laub. "Hezbollah." Backgrounders. Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Jan. 2014. Web. 24 June 2014.
[151] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012; Pearson, Erica. The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Ed. Gus Martin. Second ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2011. 595-6. Print.
[152] United States. U.S. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 June 2014.
[153] United States. U.S. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994. N.p., Apr. 1995. Web. 27 June 2014; Barrionuevo, Alexei. "Inquiry on 1994 Blast at Argentina Jewish Center Gets New Life." The New York Times. 17 July 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
[154] Leonnig, Carol D. "Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack." Washington Post. N.p., 23 Dec. 2006. Web. 27 June 2014; "Incident 199606250006." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 27 June 2014.
[155] "UN Tribunal Releases Hariri Indictment." Al Jazeera English. 17 Aug. 2011. Web. 9 Apr. 2015; Bergman, Ronen. "The Hezbollah Connection." The New York Times. 14 Feb. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.
[156] “Terrorist Organization Profile: Hizballah.” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland. Accessed 26 June 2014. https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/hizballah-2012
[157] “Maliki Government's Whitewashing of Hezbollah” The Washington Institute. 20 November, 2012.
[158] United States. U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Counterterrorism. Country Report on Terrorism 2009. N.p., 5 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 June 2014.
[159] "Lebanon Rivals Agree Crisis Deal." BBC News. BBC, 21 May 2008. Web. 26 June 2014.
[160] United States. U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Counterterrorism. Country Report on Terrorism 2017. N.p., 19 Sep. 2018.
[161] Levitt, Matthew. "Hizb Allah Resurrected: The Party of God's Return to Tradecraft." Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 29 Apr. 2013. Web. 14 Feb. 2015; Kulish, Nicholas, Eric Schmitt, and Matthew Brunwasser. "Bulgaria Implicates Hezbollah in July Attack on Israelis." The New York Times. N.p., 05 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2015.
[162] Blanford, Nicholas. "The Battle for Qusayr: How the Syrian Regime and Hizb Allah Tipped the Balance." CTC Sentinel 6.8 (2013): 18-22. Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point. Web. 25 June 2014; Sullivan, Marisa. "Hezbollah in Syria." Middle East Security Report 19 (Apr. 2014): n. pag. Institute for the Study of War. Web. 26 June 2014; Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria. Publication. International Crisis Group, 27 May 2014. Web. 25 June 2014.
[163] Levs, Josh. "2 Israeli Soldiers, Peacekeeper Killed in Israel-Hezbollah Fighting - CNN.com." CNN. 28 Jan. 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
[164] Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[165] “Eight Hezbollah fighters killed in Aleppo clashes over weekend.” The Daily Star Lebanon, 4 April 2016. Web. 20 April 2016.
[166] “Hezbollah-led offensive stalls in ‘last city in Syria.” Middle East Eye, 13 Nov. 2017
[167] Perry, Smadar. “Hezbollah forces participating in Gouta massacre.” Ynetnews, 03 Dec. 2018
[168] Julian, Hana Levi. “Hezbollah Executes 23 Syrian Soldiers Who Refuse to Fight” The Jewish Press, 19 Jun. 2018.
[169] Country Reports on Terrorism 2019. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, 2019. Web. 7 May 2021.; "Incident 201909010003." Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland, n.d. Web. 7 May 2021.
[170] Krauss, Joseph. “Israel attacks Hezbollah posts after shots fired at soldiers.” Associated Press, August 26, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/3477c82de8554c2b26b98be9b9bcd096 ; “Israel launches air attacks at Hezbollah posts on Lebanon border.” Al Jazeera, August 26, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/26/israel-launches-air-attacks-at-hezbollah-posts-on-lebanon-border
[171] Hall, Richard. “Hezbollah added to UK’s list of terrorist groups.” Independent, 25 Feb. 2019
[172] “US puts Hezbollah MPs in Lebanon on sanctions list for first time.” Ajazeera, 9 Jul. 2019.
[173] Country Reports on Terrorism 2016. Rep. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, July 2017. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/crt_2016.pdf
[174] "Foreign Terrorist Organizations." Bureau of Counterterrorism. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 25 June 2014.
[175] “Currently listed entities.” Public Saftey Canada, Government of Canada. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt...
[176] “Hizballah's External Security Organisation (ESO).” Australian National Security, Australian Government. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HizballahsExternalSecurityOrganisationESO.aspx
[177] Timmermans: ‘Hezbollah is a terrorist organization.’ Government of the Netherlands. 2 June 2013.
[178] “Lists associated with Resolutions 1267/1989/2253 and 1988.” New Zealand Police. 21 May 2019. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolutions-1267-1989-2253-1988
[179] “Bahrain first Arab country to blacklist Hezbollah as terrorist organization.” Al Arabiya, 9 April 2013. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/09/Bahrain-first-Arab-country-to-blacklist-Hezbollah-as-terrorist-organization.html
[180] “EU terrorist list.” European Council, Council of the European Union. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/terr...
[181] Al-Tamimi, Sultan. “GCC: Hezbollah terror group.” Arab News. 3 June 2013. Accessed 19 July 2019. http://www.arabnews.com/news/453834
[182] “GCC members put Hezbollah leaders on terror list.” Reuters. 17 May 2018. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/gcc-members-put-hezbollah-leaders-on-terror-list-1.2222763
[183] “Arab League labels Hezbollah terrorist organization.” Reuters. 11 March 2016. Accssed 18 July 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-arabs/arab-league-labe...
[184] “Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations.” Government of the United Kingdom. Last updated 12 April 2019. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-o...
[185] “Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations.” Government of the United Kingdom. Last updated 12 April 2019. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-o...
[186] “Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations.” Government of the United Kingdom. Last updated 12 April 2019. Accessed 18 July 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-o...
[187] “Registro Público de Personas y Entidades vinculadas a actos de Terrorismo y su Financiamiento.” Minister of Justice and Human Rights, Office of the Presidency, Government of Argentina. Accesed 18 July 2019. https://repet.jus.gob.ar; “Argentina Designates Hezbollah Terrorist Group on 25th Anniversary of Bombing.” New York Times. 18 July 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/world/americas/argentina-hezbollah-te...
[188] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 126. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[189] Tavernise, Sabrina. "Charity Wins Deep Loyalty for Hezbollah." The New York Times. 5 Aug. 2006. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.
[190] Cammett, Melani. "Habitat for Hezbollah." Habitat for Hezbollah Comments. Foreign Policy, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 20 Feb. 2015.
[191] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 122-37. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[192] Azani, Eitan. "The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.11 (2013): 904. Web.
[193] Canter, James, and Jodi Rudorin. "European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organizations." N.p., n.d. Web. 26 June 2014.
[194] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 126-9. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[195] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 125. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[196] Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 126. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[197] Cammett, Melani. "Habitat for Hezbollah." Habitat for Hezbollah Comments. Foreign Policy, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 20 Feb. 2015; Flanigan, Shawn Teresa, and Mounah Abdel-Samad. "Hezbollah's Social Jihad: Nonprofits As Resistance Organizations." Middle East Policy 16.2 (2009): 127-129. Wiley Online Library. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
[198] Anderson, Sulome. “Hezbollah Is the Real Winner of the Battle of Aleppo.” Newsweek, 09 Jan. 2017
[199] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[200] Cammett, Melani. "Habitat for Hezbollah." Habitat for Hezbollah Comments. Foreign Policy, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 20 Feb. 2015.
[201] Norton, August Richard. “The Role of Hezbollah in Lebanese Domestic Politics.” The International Spector, 06 Dec. 2007
[202] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 43. Print.
[203] Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. 102. Print.
[204] "Press Center." Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Leadership. U.S. Department of Treasury, 22 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2015.
[205] Sharp, Jeremy. Lebanon: The Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah Conflict. Rep. no. RL33566. 33. Congressional Research Service, 2006. CRS Report for Congress.
[206] Staff, Toi. “Hamas starts broadcasting into Israel, with a little help from Hezbollah.” The Times of Israel, 13 Jan. 2019
[207] Wright, Robin. "Inside the Mind of Hezbollah." Washington Post. N.p., 16 July 2006. Web. 27 June 2014.
[208] Barnard, Anne. "By Inserting Itself Into Syrian War, Hezbollah Makes Dramatic Gamble." New York Times 27 May 2013: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 25 June 2014.
[209] Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah : The Global Footprint of Lebanon’s Party of God. Georgetown University Press, 2013.
[210] Cochrane, Marisa. “Iraq Report 12: The Fragmentation of the Sadrist Movement.” Institute for the Study of War, June 2009. 18 July 2014; Roggio, Bill, "Mugniyah Behind Establishment of Mahdi Army." The Long War Journal,23 February 2008. Web. 10 July 2010.
[211] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[212] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[213] Wyer, Sam. “The Resurgence of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq.” Middle East Security Report 7, Institute for the Study of War, December 2012. Web. 30 July 2015; Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[214] Wyer, Sam. “The Resurgence of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq.” Middle East Security Report 7, Institute for the Study of War, December 2012. Web. 30 July 2015; Samaha, Nour. “Hezbollah Is ‘Stronger Than Ever.’” Foreign Policy, 1 June 2015. Web. 20 April 2016.
[215] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[216] Levitt, Matthew and Nadav Pollak. “Hezbollah in Iraq: A Little Help Can Go a Long War.” The Washington Institute, 25 Jun. 2014
[217] Riyadh, Aden. “Eight Hezbollah fighters killed in Yemen.” The Daily Star, 26 Jun. 2018
[218] Hatem, Mohammed. “Radio Station in War-Torn Yemen Raises $132,000 for Hezbollah” Bloomberg, 6 Jul. 2019
[219] Szekely, Ora. "Hezbollah's Survival: Resources And Relationships." Middle East Policy 19.4 (2012): 115-116. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 June 2014.
[220] Ghaddar, Hanin. “U.S. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah.” The Washington Institute, 06 Mar. 2019
[221] Szekely, Ora. "Hezbollah's Survival: Resources And Relationships." Middle East Policy 19.4 (2012): 115-116. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 June 2014.
[222] Ali, Mohanad Hage. “Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 29 Mar. 2019
[223] Ali, Mohanad Hage. “Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 29 Mar. 2019