The Union Pacific's attempts to vote their workers en masse created scandal and resentment.
Jay Gould was no more adept.
Crocker to CPH, Oct. 25, 1883, Crocker Papers.
Testimony of Edward Rosewater, June 28, 1887, PRC, 3:1339-40.
William R. Childs, The Texas Railroad Commission: Understanding Regulation in America to the Mid-twentieth Century (College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press, 2005), 61-63.
For Booth, Lavender, Great Persuader, 311.
Rothman misinterprets Sargent,
Rothman, Politics and Power, 201.
William Deverell, Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 29-31, 55, 59-60.
Huntington to Colton, May 1, 1875, Letters from Collis P. Huntington 4: 344.
The Central Pacific used the tactic of running a third candidate to draw off votes from a targeted candidate to defeat Sherman Houghton in 1875, Octopus Speaks, 268.
For turnover and Speaker, see Thompson, The "Spider's Web," 71-93.
In the 1870s the percentage of first term members ran at or near 50%,
Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review 62 (March 1968), 146.
For Senate, Rothman, Politics and Power, 11-42.