POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 (ICPSR 6695) Principal Investigators Keith Jaggers University of Colorado at Boulder Department of Political Science and Ted Robert Gurr University of Maryland at College Park Center for International Development and Conflict Management Second ICPSR Version September 1996 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 - BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1996. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. - DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION Keith Jaggers and Ted Robert Gurr POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 (ICPSR 6695) SUMMARY: This dataset, a modified and updated version of POLITY II: POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND REGIME CHANGE, 1800-1986 (ICPSR 9263), focuses on indicators of political authority and regime type for 177 members of the international system. Variables include two indicators of regime type (autocracy and democracy) and eight indicators of political authority (regulation of executive recruitment, competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, monocratism, constraints on the chief executive, regulation of political participation, competitiveness of political participation, and centralization of state authority). UNIVERSE: Annual observations from 1800 to 1994 of 20 historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the international system with populations of greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. NOTE: The variables in Part 1, Raw Data File, are in list format with data values separated by one or more blanks. EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation (text) EXTENT OF PROCESSING: UNDOCCHK.ICPSR/ MDATA.PR DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length with SPSS export file Part 1: Raw Data File Part 2: SPSS Export File File Structure: rectangular Record Length: 80 Cases: 13,908 Variables: 14 Record Length: 60 Records Per Case: 1 RELATED PUBLICATIONS: Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482. Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108. Gurr, Ted Robert. "Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 68 (4), 1482-1504. ---------------------- * POLITY III CODE BOOK * ---------------------- by Keith Jaggers Department of Political Science University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0333 and Ted Robert Gurr Center for International Develoment and Conflict Management Tydings Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742-7231 December 1995 (with May and June 1996 cleanings) This is a cleaned version of the Polity III data (June 1996). It has been cleaned by Michael D. Ward and Kristian S. Gleditsch at the University of Colorado (May 1996). A note concerning the cleaning is included at the back of this manual. I. OVERVIEW OF DATASET The Polity III dataset is a modified and updated version of the widely used Polity II dataset (ICPSR89). Polity III updates and, in some instances, alters the Polity II data (on the modifications see JPR95). Included in the Polity III time-series dataset are two indicators of regime type (Autocracy and Democracy) and eight indicators of political authority (Regulation of Executive Recruitment, Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment, Openness of Executive Recruitment, Monocratism, Constraints on Chief Executive, Regulation of Political Participation, Competitiveness of Political Participation, and Centralization of State Authority). For detailed descriptions of the variables, coding categories, and coding procedures see ICPSR89. Not included in this version of the Polity data are the Scope, State Power, Coherence, and Institutional Persistence variables. Information on "polity" change, formation and termination are also not included. The Polity II dataset includes these variables through 1986. II. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DOMAIN The Polity III dataset includes all independent members of the international system with populations of greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. Authority characteristics and regime type data are coded annually beginning in 1800, for states that were then independent, or from the year in which the state first gained effective autonomy. Data for all variables is reported through 1994, or the year in which the state ceased to be part of the international state system. The Polity III dataset includes 157 contemporary states. III. KEY CITATIONS * For additional information on the Polity project and data see the following articles: JPR95: Keith Jaggers and Ted R. Gurr. 1995. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data." Journal of Peace Research 32(4):469-482. SCID90: Ted Robert Gurr, Keith Jaggers and Will Moore. 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." Studies in Comparative International Development 25(1):73-108. ICPSR89: "Polity II Codebook." Available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, Mich. (313) 763-5010. APSR74: Ted Robert Gurr. 1974. "Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971." American Political Science Review 68(4): 1482-1504. (APSR74) IV. VARIABLES * Field 1: Country Code Year * Field 2: Country Code Number * Field 3: Country Name * Field 4: Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------ For all subsequent variables: * -66 = Interruption ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations. * -77 = Interregnum ** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. * -88 = Transition ** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda. * -99 = Information Unknown ------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Field 5: Autocracy Score (AUTOC): 11-point scale: 0 = low autocracy; 10 = high autocracy. For more information see SCID90(pp.84-85) and JPR95(pp.471-472). * Field 6: Democracy Score (DEMOC): 11-point scale: 0 = low democracy; 10 = high democracy For more information see SCID90(pp.83-84) and JPR95(pp.471-472). * Field 7: Executive Recruitment Regulation (XRREG): Institutionalized procedures regarding the transfer of executive power: (1) = Unregulated (2) = Designation/Transitional (3) = Regulated For more information see SCID90(p.81). * Field 8: Executive Recruitment Competition (XRCOMP): Extent to which executives are chosen through competitive elections: (0) = Unregulated (1) = Selection (2) = Dual/Transitional (3) = Election For more information see SCID90(pp.81-82). * Field 9: Executive Recruitment Openness (XROPEN): Opportunity for non-elites to attain executive office: (0) = Unregulated (1) = Closed (2) = Dual/Designation (3) = Dual/Election (4) = Open For more information see SCID90(p.82). * Field 10: Monocratism (MONO): Institutional (de jure) independence of chief executive: (1) = Pure individual (2) = Intermediate category (3) = Qualified individual (4) = Intermediate category (5) = Collective executive For more information see SCID90(pp.82-83). * Field 11: Executive Constraints (XCONST): Operational (de facto) independence of chief executive: (1) = Unlimited authority (2) = Intermediate category (3) = Slight to moderate limitations (4) = Intermediate category (5) = Substantial limitations (6) = Intermediate category (7) = Executive parity or subordination For more information see SCID90(p.80). * Field 12: Regulation of Participation (PARREG): Development of institutional structures for political expression: (1) = Unregulated (2) = Factional/Transitional (3) = Factional/Restricted (4) = Restricted (5) = Institutionalized For more information see SCID90(pp.78-79). * Field 13: Competitiveness of Participation (PARCOMP): Extent to which non-elites are able to access institutional structures of political expression: (0) = Unregulated (1) = Suppressed (2) = Restricted/Transitional (3) = Factional (4) = Transitional (5) = Competitive For more information see SCID90(pp.79-80). * Field 14: Centralization of State Authority (CENT): Geographic concentration of decision-making authority: (1) = Unitary (2) = Intermediate category (3) = Federal For more information see SCID90(pp.82-83). V. COUNTRY CODES AND NAMES * WESTERN HEMISPHERE: 002 USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 020 CAN CANADA 040 CUB CUBA 041 HAI HAITI 042 DOM DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 051 JAM JAMAICA 052 TRI TRINDIDAD 070 MEX MEXICO 089 UPC UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA 090 GUA GUATEMALA 091 HON HONDURAS 092 SAL EL SALVADOR 093 NIC NICARAGUA 094 COS COSTA RICA 095 PAN PANAMA 099 GCL GRAN COLOMBIA 100 COL COLUMBIA 101 VEN VENEZUELA 110 GUY GUYANA 130 ECU ECUADOR 135 PER PERU 140 BRA BRAZIL 145 BOL BOLIVIA 150 PAR PARAGUAY 155 CHL CHILE 160 ARG ARGENTINA 165 URU URUGUAY * EUROPE: 200 UK UNITED KINGDOM 205 IRE IRELAND 210 NTH NETHERLANDS 211 BEL BELGIUM 212 LUX LUXEMBOURG 220 FRN FRANCE 225 SWZ SWITZERLAND 230 SPN SPAIN 235 POR PORTUGAL 245 BAV BAVARIA 255 GMY GERMANY/PRUSSIA 260 GFR (WEST) GERMANY 265 GDR GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 267 BAD BADEN 269 SAX SAXONY 271 WRT WUERTTEMBURG 290 POL POLAND 305 AUS AUSTRIA 310 HUN HUNGARY 315 CZE CZECHOSLOVAKIA 316 CZR CZECH REPUBLIC 317 SLO SLOVAKIA 324 SAR SARDINIA 325 ITA ITALY/SARDINIA 327 PAP PAPAL STATES 329 SIC TWO SICILIES 332 MOD MODENA 335 PMA PARMA 337 TUS TUSCANY 339 ALB ALBANIA 343 MAC MACEDONIA 344 CRO CROATIA 345 YUG YUGOSLAVIA/SERBIA 346 BOS BOSNIA HERZOGOVINIA 349 SLV SLOVINIA 350 GRC GREECE 352 CYP CYPRUS 355 BUL BULGARIA 359 MLD MOLDOVA (MOLDOVIA) 360 RUM RUMANIA 365 RUS RUSSIA (USSR) 366 EST ESTONIA 367 LAT LATVIA 368 LIT LITHUANIA 369 UKR UKRAINE 370 BLR BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA) 371 ARM ARMENIA 372 GRG GEORGIA 373 AZE AZERBAIJAN 375 FIN FINLAND 380 SWD SWEDEN 385 NOR NORWAY 390 DEN DENMARK 395 ICE ICELAND * AFRICA: 404 GNB GUINEA-BISSAU 420 GAM GAMBIA 432 MLI MALI 433 SEN SENEGAL 434 BEN BENIN/DAHOMEY 435 MAA MAURITANIA 436 NIR NIGER 437 IVO IVORY COAST 438 GUI GUINEA 439 BFO BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA) 450 LBR LIBERIA 451 SIE SIERRA LEONE 452 GHA GHANA 461 TOG TOGO 471 CAO CAMEROUN 475 NIG NIGERIA 481 GAB GABON 482 CEN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 483 CHA CHAD 484 CON CONGO 490 ZAI ZAIRE 500 UGA UGANDA 501 KEN KENYA 510 TAZ TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA 516 BUI BURUNDI 517 RWA RWANDA 520 SOM SOMOLIA 530 ETH ETHIOPIA 540 ANG ANGOLA 541 MZM MOZAMBIQUE 551 ZAM ZAMBIA 552 ZIM ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA) 553 MAW MALAWI 560 SAF SOUTH AFRICA 564 OFS ORANGE FREE STATE 565 NAM NAMIBIA 570 LES LESOTHO 571 BOT BOTSWANA 572 SWA SWAZILAND 580 MAG MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY) 581 COM COMOROS 590 MAS MAURITIUS * MIDDLE EAST: 600 MOR MOROCCO 615 ALG ALGERIA 616 TUN TUNESIA 620 LIB LIBYA 625 SUD SUDAN 630 IRN IRAN 640 TUR TURKEY (and Ottoman Empire) 645 IRQ IRAQ 651 EGY EGYPT 652 SYR SYRIA 660 LEB LEBANON 663 JOR JORDAN 666 ISR ISRAEL 670 SAU SAUDI ARABIA 678 YAR YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC 679 YEM YEMEN 680 YPR YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC 690 KUW KUWAIT 692 BAH BAHRAIN 696 UAE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 698 OMA OMAN * ASIA: 700 AFG AFGHANISTAN 701 TKM TURKMENISTAN 702 TAJ TAJIKISTAN 703 KYR KYRGYZSTAN 704 UZB UZBEKISTAN 705 KZK KAZAKHSTAN 710 CHN CHINA 712 MON MONGOLIA 713 TAW TAIWAN 730 KOR KOREA 731 PRK DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA 732 ROK REPUBLIC OF KOREA 740 JPN JAPAN 750 IND INDIA 760 BHU BHUTAN 770 PAK PAKISTAN 771 BNG BANGLADESH 775 MYA MYANMAR (BURMA) 780 SRI SRI LANKA (CEYLON) 790 NEP NEPAL 800 THI THAILAND 811 CAM CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA) 812 LAO LAOS 816 DRV DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM 817 RVN REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM 820 MAL MALAYSIA 830 SIN SINGAPORE 840 PHI PHILIPPINES 850 INS INDONESIA * OCEANIA: 900 AUL AUSTRALIA 910 PNG PAPUA NEW GUINEA 920 NEW NEW ZEALAND 950 FJI FIJI May 1996 Note: The May 1996 Version of the POLITY III Data Using the criteria procedures as laid out in the POLITY II codebook (Gurr et al. 1989) for computing the institutionalized democracy and autocracy scores from the authority characteristics, it was found that several entries in the current version of the POLITY III data appear to have been miscoded. The new recoded data were generated by an S program implementing the coding procedures. The program and the corrections were reviewed with the principal POLITY III coder, Keith Jaggers, who verified the procedures implemented and the accuracy of the corrections. Here is a list of the major differences. 1) The most dramatic difference in terms of magnitude is that the democracy and autocracy scores were transposed for Russia in 1989. The democracy score should be 1 and the autocracy score should be 5 for this year, but were reversed in the old version of the data. These scores have been reorganized in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 2) 1484 cases out of the total of 13907 entries in the POLITY III data have been assigned a democracy score that differed by -1 from what the correct values should be according to the coding rules. Of these, 1170 are in the nineteenth century. All the entries in the twentieth century are prior to 1945. The countries that have been coded with incorrect democracy scores include Afghanistan (1894-1934), Austria (1848-1917), Baden (1841-47), Belgium (1932-51), Brazil (1824-88), Bulgaria (1883-85), China (1800-1910), Denmark (1849-1900), Egypt (1923-45), France (1814-47), Germany/Prussia (1878-1917), Hungary (1867-1917), Iran (1941-45), Iraq (1924-45), Italy (1861-21), Japan (1868-1944), Korea (1880-1910), Luxembourg (1867-89), Morocco (1880-1911), Nepal (1800-45), Norway (1873-97), Netherlands (1815-1916), Portugal (1834-1909), Rumania (1910-39), Russia (1906-16), Spain (1820-72), Sweden (1855-1906), Turkey (1876, 1908-18), United Kingdom (1800-36), Wurttemburg (1819-71), Yugoslavia (1921-28, 193940). These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 3) 35 cases are coded incorrectly for the autocracy scores. Mexico has been assigned an incorrect autocracy of 4 instead of 2 for 1822-33; Guatemala has been misclassified between with 4 instead of 5 in 1963-65; Panama is assigned 7 and should have had 8 for 1988-89; Argentina which should have had 6 instead of 7 1825-28; and Lesotho which should have had 7 rather than eight 1973-85. These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. REFERENCES: Gurr, Ted R.; Keith Jaggers and Will H. Moore. 1989. The POLITY II Codebook. University of Colorado at Boulder, Center for Comparative Politics. Kristian S. Gleditsch Michael D. Ward Keith Jaggers Ted R. Gurr These data are temporarily available via anonymous ftp to isere.colorado.edu and will be deposited at the ICPSR. June 1996 Note: Additionally, a duplicate entry and two ommissions were discovered in June 1996. The year 1876 was entered twice for South Korea (case 7301876), and 1858 for the Orange Free State (case 5641858) and 1922 for Egypt (case 6511922) were missing. The extra South Korea case has been deleted and the missing observations filled in with the appropriate observations. Previous versions of Polity III cited 13,907 as the total number of cases; this is now 13,908 observations.