Appendix

#				Adult	Adult Caption	Larvae	Larva Caption
	SUBMIT--Appendix 1. Twenty-fiv resemblances between larvae and adults. 1. Captions for adults note resemblances. Captions for larvae provide instar and foodplant information. 2. See Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern for 20 examples of adults with white dots along wing margins (See Monarch larva (27), below). 3. We thank the photographers for allowing us to extract a portion of the wing and outline the area of interest. Darryl Wheye and Paul Ehrlich August 11, 2015
Papilionidae (3)
1	♀	Ruby-spotted Swallowtail Heraclides anchisiades idaeus		© 2007 Andrew Warren	The pink and black dorsal hindwing "larval band" resembles early instar larvae, which are gregarious. LS The News:2006 (48:2). [PAUL listing the citation seems to suggest it will discuss the resemblance, but, of course, doesn't. Your thoughts?]	© 2007 Dan Hardy	The instar is not noted on the photograph. Later instars are darker.

2	♀	Eastern Tiger swallowtail Papilio glaucous		© 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland, and Andrew Warren	This example is from our text. The lower end of the pale blue-green dorsal hindwing "larval band" has an orange spot that resembles the partially everted orange osmiteria that larvae display defensively. When alive, forewings cover the upper hindwing orange spot and complete the larval resemblance. LS The News: 2008 (50:3-4), 2006 (48:3), 1980 (22:1), 1974 (16:2.) Paul: I added old citations to show you what it would look like to go beyond the last five years of the newsletter you gave me. I need to be careful with my time. Is it important enough?	© Michael Singer	This photo is from a study of herbivore diet breadth vs. bird predation, it was found that "Caterpillars with generalized diets are less likely than specialists to be camouflaged or to display warning colors or features to avian predators." Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-07-eaters-eaten.html#j. The instar is not noted on the photograph. [Paul better to cut the discussion on diet width and camouflage?]

3	♀	Pink-spotted Cattleheart Parides photinus		© 2008 David Robacker	This example is from our text. The pink marks on the ventral hindwing "larval band" and white marks on the wing edge resemble, to a degree, the pink and white larval spines.	© 2009 Luc Legal, Jerome Labre & Oscar Dorado	The foodplant is Aristolochia splendens. The instar is not noted on the photograph.

Pieridae (1)
4	♀	Sara Orangetip Anthocharis sara thoosa		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The pale orange “tip” of the dorsal forewing and the black mark on the discal cell edge seems to parallel pairing of the orange larva and its black eyes.	© 2010 Jim P. Brock	First instar is orange with a few bristles.

Lycaenidae (4)
5	♂	Deep-green Hairstreak Theritas mavors		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	There is a fairly strong resemblance between the color and shape of the larva and the ventral hindwing “larval band”.	© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar. The foodplant is Conostegia xalapensis.

6	♀	Sandia Hairstreak Callophrys mcfarlandi		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The pale yellowish-greenish ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles a larva.	© 2010 Jim P. Brock	The instar is not noted on the photograph. Coloration might be influenced by camera and available light (note the black background).

7	♀	Ellis' Blue Euphilotes ellisii ellisii		© 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland and Andrew Warren	The orange-pink ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva shown below, but some photos the larve arevery pale.	© 2011 Nicky Davis	The larva is on Eriogonum corymbosum. The instar is not noted on the photograph.

8	♀	Spalding's Blue Euphilo Euphilotes spaldingi spaldingi		© 2008 Todd Stout	The orange ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, prediapause a 4th instar larva.	© 2008 Todd Stout	The 4th instar, prediapause larva is pale orangish-pinkish-reddish with darker marks.

Riodinidae (5)
9	♂	Red-rimmed Euselasia Euselasia pellonia pellonia		© 2014 Jim P. Brock	The aposematic orange-red ventral hindwing “larval band” with black spots and white marks resembles, to a degree, a last instar black-spotted, greenish-orange larva.	© 2010D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instar is greenish-orange with black spots and pale bristles.The foodplant is Vochysia guatemalensis.

10	♂	White-rayed Metalmark Hades noctula		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The outer half of the black and white "ray" patterned ventral hindwing resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva. This pattern seems consistent with Nijout's “intervenous stripe system”.	© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instar has long bristles and black/whitish-greenish "rays". The foodplant isTapirira mexicana.

11	♂	Godart's Metalmark Esthemopsis pherephatte pherephatte		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The aposematic yellow patch on the blackish blue ventral forewing resembles a last instar larva, minus the black dots.	© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar larvae are yellow with black bristles (that look ike dots from above) and long pale bristles along the edge. The foodplant is Trichospermum grewiifolium.

12	♂	Golden-banded Metalmark Pirascca tyriotes		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The aposematic orange patch on the black dorsal hindwing resembles a penultimate instar larva.	© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The penultimate instar is orange with long pale bristles along the edge; foodplant is Miconia argentea.

13	♂	Variable emesis Emesis mandana		© 2010 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland and Andrew Warren	This example is from our text. The resemblance is seen along both dorsal wing margins.	© Daniel Janzen and W. Hallwachs, voucher code: 05-SRNP-63174 http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/ caterpillars/database.lasso	Penultimate instar is greenish orange with irritating bristles growing from short black spines that resemble the black dots on the wing margins. The foodplant is Croton yucatanensis.

Nymphalidae (9)
14	♀	Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae incarnata		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The orange and dark brown dorsal hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva.	© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instar of this orange and black larva has long black spines with black bristles. The foodplant is Passiflora foetida.


15		Juno Longwing Dione juno huascuma		© 2005 Kim Davis and Mike Stangeland	The orange and black dorsal hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva. This is more evident in some photographs than in others.	© 2011 Kenji Nishida	The last instar is orange and purplish-brown with black spines and bristles. The larva is on Passiflora edulis.


16	♀	Sara Longwing Heliconius sara theudela		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland and Andrew Warren	The brown ventral hindwing has red dots near the body. The dark segmentation lines on the white “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the segmentation pattern and might even call to mind the long black spines of a third instar larva.	© 2011 Rudy Dodero	Third instar larvae are whitish with black spines.

17		Tracta Sister Adelpha tracta		© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The rusty pinkish-mauve patterned ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva.	© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The penultimate instar matches the adult relatively well. The foodplant is Viburnum venustum.

18	♀	Guatamalan Cracker Hamadryas guatemalena marmarice		© 2011 Andrew D. Warren	The black and white patterned ventral hindwing margin is probably aposematic and, to a degree, resembles the larva.	© 2010 Jim P. Brock	This white, black and yellow--and presumably aposematic--larva has black spines and black bristles. The instar is not noted on the photograph. It was photographed on Dalechampia.

19	♀	West Coast Lady Vanessa annabella		© 2009 Andrew Warren	The complex beige, bright and pale orange, pale blue, black, light and dark brown pattern on the ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the complex pattern of the larva.	© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The instar of this bright and pale orange and black larva with grey bristles is not noted on the photograph.


20	♀	Fulvia Checkerspot Chlosyne fulvia coronado		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The dark brown, orange, pale orange, and white dorsal hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva.	© 2009 Kim Davis and Mike Stangeland	This blackish-brown, pale orange and white larva has black-spines and black-bristles. The instar is not noted on the photograph.

21	♂	Dotted Checkerspot Poladryas minuta minuta		© 2010 Andrew D. Warren	The basically orange ventral hindwing “larval band” has some dark dots and resembles the black-dotted, black-spined larva.	© 2011 Jim P. Brock	The instar is not noted on the photograph.


22	♂	Muripetens Calisto Calisto muripetens		© 2014 Rayner Nuñez	Except for the rust-ringed false eye, the pale brown ventral hindwing “larval band” with black, cream, and beige marks resembles, to a degree, the brown-patterned larva.	© 2014 Rayner Nuñez	The instar is not noted on the photograph.

Hesperiidae (3)
23	♀	Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna asander asander		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland, and Andrew Warren	The light mauve, rust, white, cream and beige ventral hindwing “larval band” is bordered on one end by a rust-colored triangle and resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva.	© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instar larva has rust-colored eyes and a cream-colored body. It was photographed on Bauhinia ungulata.

24	♂	Short-tailed Skipper (Northern Zestusa) Zestusa dorus		© 2009 Andrew D. Warren	The light grey and creamy-grey ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva.	© 2010 Jim P. Brock	The penultimate instar is creamy-grey with pale yellow stripes. A greenish cast—the color of the leaf--seems to show through the skin.

25	♂	Cuban Sicklewing Eantis papinianus		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland, and Andrew Warren	The whitish pale bluish ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the fifth instar larva.	© 2010 Andrei Sourakov	The light cream color of the fifth instar allows a pale bluish-green cast to show through skin. The pale form with its pale yellow stripes and cream colored head seem similar to the pale patch on the ventral hindwing. This larva was photographed on a citris branch.First instar larvae have a dark head, no yellow and more cream.

		possible cover image	Helicopis cupido incerta
		possible cover image	© 2011 Kim Garwood