Appendix_1_rev6-9-15

#				Adults and Larvae Link to image in Butterflies of America	Caption
	Appendix 1. Thirty Resemblances in Taxonomic Order. Please note: 1. [James: Permission to use of these images will be sought pending your reactions. Upon receipt of high-res images from the photographers we will refine the black (or yellow) line around the portion of the wing that is of interest.] 2. Clicking on the image links you to a larger photograph on the Butterflies of America website. You'll need to click on your browser's upper left "back" arrow to return to this list. 4. [James: If length remains an issue, here are two possibilities: A few butterflies have two photos of larvae, one can be cut. Also, the four examples used in the paper are included here because they look so different as pinned specimens and because makes it easier to compare them with the other examples. You might want to cut them. If length is not an issue, but you're disinclined to cut them, we can replace them with other examples.] 5. Captions describe our impression of the resemblance as well as available instar and foodplant information. 6. Clicking on "Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern" at the end of the list to links you to a list showing examples with white spots along wing margins (See Monarch larva (27), below). Darryl Wheye and Paul Ehrlich ~~May 23, 2015~~ June 10, 2015
Papilionidae (4)
1	♀	Ruby-spotted Swallowtail Heraclides anchisiades idaeus		© 2007 Andrew Warren	The pink hindwing "larval band" resembles early instar larvae, which are gregarious. LS News:2006 (48:2).
				© 2007 Dan Hardy	Later instars are darker.

2	♀	Eastern Tiger swallowtail Papilio glaucous		© 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	This example is from our text. The pale blue-green hindwing "larval band" ends with an orange spot that resembles the partially everted orange osmiteria that larvae display defensively. Note naturally held forewings cover the upper hindwing orange spot with a continuation of “the larval resemblance. LS News: 2008 (50:3-4), 2006 (48:3), 1980 (22:1), 1974 (16:2.)
				© Michael Singer	In a study of herbivore diet breadth vs. bird predation, it was found that "Caterpillars with generalized diets are less likely than specialists to be camouflaged or to display warning colors or features to avian predators." Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-07-eaters-eaten.html#jCpInstar not noted in photograph.

3	♂	*Papilio rumiko*		© 2014 Nick V. Grishin	This butterfly may also be known as Heraclides rumiko. The white hindwing "larval band" ends in an orange crescent that resembles the partially(?) everted orange osmiteria that larvae display defensively.
				© 2008 Bill Bouton	Instar not noted in photograph.

4	♀	Pink-spotted Cattleheart Parides photinus		© 2008 David Robacker	This example is from our text. The pink and white hindwing "larval band" resembles to a degree the pink and white larval spines.
				© 2009 Luc Legal, Jerome Labre & Oscar Dorado	Larva is on foodplant: Aristolochia splendens. Instar not noted in photograph.

Pieridae (1)
5	♀	Sara Orangetip Anthocharis sara thoosa		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The pale orange “tip” of the forewing and the black mark on the interior edge resembles the color of the larva and its black eyes.
				© 2010 Jim P. Brock	First instar is orange with a few bristles.

Lycaenidae (4)
6	♂	Deep-green Hairstreak Theritas mavors		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	There is a fairly strong resemblance between the color and shape of the larva and the hindwing “larval band”.
				© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar; foodplant is Conostegia xalapensis.

7	♀	Sandia Hairstreak Callophrys mcfarlandi		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The pale yellowish hindwing “larval band” resembles a larva. In some photos the larvae appear greener.
				© 2010 Jim P. Brock	Instar not noted.

8	♀	Ellis' Blue Euphilotes ellisii ellisii		© 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland and Andrew Warren	The orange-pink hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva, but some larvae photos show pale individuals.
				© 2011 Nicky Davis	Larva is on Eriogonum corymbosum. Instar not noted.

9	♀	Spalding's Blue Euphilo tes spaldingi spaldingi		© 2008 Todd Stout	The orange hindwing “larval band” resembles prediapause 4th instar larvae.
				© 2008 Todd Stout	The 4th instar, prediapause larva is orangish-pinkish-reddish.

Riodinidae (5)
10	♂	Red-rimmed Euselasia Euselasia pellonia pellonia		© 2014 Jim P. Brock	The aposematic orange-red hindwing “larval band” with black spots and white marks resembles, to a degree, a last instar black-spotted, greenish-orange larva.
				© 2010D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar is greenish-orange with black spots and pale bistles; foodplant is Vochysia guatemalensis.

11	♂	White-rayed Metalmark Hades noctula		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Except for the orange patch near head, this otherwise black and white "ray" patterned adult resembles a last instar larva. Nijout identified this pattern as the “intervenous stripe system”.
				© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar has long bristles and black/white "rays"; foodplant is Tapirira mexicana.

12	♂	Godart's Metalmark Esthemopsis pherephatte pherephatte		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The blackish blue ventral forewing has an aposematic yellow patch that resembles a last instar larva, minus the black dots.
				© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Last instar larvae are yellow with black bristles that look ike spots from above and long pale bristles along the edge; foodplant is Trichospermum grewiifolium.

13	♂	Golden-banded Metalmark Pirascca tyriotes		© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The black dorsal hindwing has an aposematic orange patch that resembles a penultimate instar larva.
	♀			© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	Penultimate instar is orange with long pale bristles along the edge; foodplant is Miconia argentea.

14	♂	Variable emesis Emesis mandana		© 2010 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland and Andrew Warren	This example is from our text. The resemblance is found along the wing margins.
				© Daniel Janzen and W. Hallwachs, voucher code: 05-SRNP-63174 http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/ caterpillars/database.lasso	Penultimate instar is greenish orange with bristles growing from short black spines that resemble the black dots on the wing margins; foodplant is Croton yucatanensis.

Nymphalidae (13)
15	♀	Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae incarnata		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The orange and dark brown hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva.
				© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instarof this orange and black larva has long black spines with black bristles;foodplant is Passiflora foetida.

16		Juno Longwing Dione juno huascuma		© 2005 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland	The orange and black hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva. This is more evident in some photographs than in others.
				© 2011 Kenji Nishida	The last instar is orange and purplish-brown with black spines and bristlesis. The larva is on Passiflora edulis.

17	♀	Sara Longwing Heliconius sara theudela		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland and Andrew Warren	The brown hindwing has red dots near body. The dark segmentation lineson the white “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the long black spines of a third instar larva.
				© 2011 Rudy Dodero	Third instar larva is white with black spines.

18		Tracta Sister Adelpha tracta		© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The pinkish, mauve, white, beige and rust patterned ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva.
	♂			© 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The penultimate instar matches the adult relatively well; foodplant is Viburnum venustum.

19	♀	Guatamalan Cracker Hamadryas guatemalena marmarice		© 2011 Andrew D. Warren	The black and white-spotted ventral hindwing margin is probably aposomatic and to a degree resembles the larva.
				© 2010 Jim P. Brock	This white and black and yellow--and presumably aposomatic--larva has black spines and black bristles. The instar of is not noted. It was photographed on Dalechampia.

20	♀	West Coast Lady Vanessa annabella		© 2009 Andrew Warren	The complex beige, bright orange, light orange, pale blue, black, light and dark brown pattern on the ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the complex light orange and black pattern of the larva.
				© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The instar of this light orange and black larva with grey bristles is not noted.

21	♀	Northern Buckeye Junonia coenia coenia		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	The rust, bright orange, white, black and light brown/beige ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the black, bright orange, white, and rust colored larva.
				© 2007 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland	The instar of this black, bright orange, white and rust-colored larva with black spines and black bristles is not noted.
				© 2010 Jeff Trahan	The ventral surface has more orange/rust. It was photographed on Agalinis.The instar is not noted.

22	♀	Fulvia Checkerspot Chlosyne fulvia coronado		© 2009 Jim P. Brock	The dark brown/black, light orange, bright orange, and white dorsal hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva.
				© 2009 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland	The instar of this black, light orange and white, black-spined, black-bristled orange-headed larva is not noted.

23	♂	Dotted Checkerspot Poladryas minuta minuta		© 2010 Andrew D. Warren	The light orange, bright orange, dark brown and cream ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the black-spotted and black-spined orange larva.
				© 2011 Jim P. Brock	The instar of the black-spotted and black-spined orange larva is not noted.

24	♀	Phaon Crescent Phyciodes phaon phaon		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	The black-spotted white, brown and cream ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles an early instar larva.
				© 2011 Berry Nall	The early instar larva is yellowish white with bristles, brownish stripes, orange spots and a black head.

25	♂	Muripetens Calisto Calisto muripetens		© 2014 Rayner Nuñez	Except for the rust-ringed false eye, the pale brown hindwing “larval band” with bits of black, cream, and beige resembles, to a degree, the brown patterned larva.
				© 2014 Rayner Nuñez	The instar of this brown patterned larva is not noted.

26	♀	Sugar cane Calisto Calisto pulchella pulchella		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	The beige vental hindwing “larval band” resembles the fifth instar larva.
				© 2010 Andrei Sourakov	The fifth instar is primarily beige, resembling the adult except for the small ocellus. The photo appears to show the larva within a stem.

27	♀	Monarch Danaus plexippus plexippus		© 2011 Andrew D. Warren	This example is from our text. The resemblance is not with a Monarch larva, but with a spotted larva, such as those of the Pipevine Swallowtail. Note the double dotted pattern along the wing edges.
				© 2008 Wanda Smith	The spotted larva, with its partially everted osmiteria is on Aristolochia.

Hesperiidae (3)
28	♀	Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna asander asander		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	The light mauve, rust, white, cream and beige ventral hindwing “larval band” ending in the rust-colored triangle resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva with rust-colored eyes.
				© 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs	The last instar larva has rust-colored eyes and a cream-colored body; foodplantis Bauhinia ungulata.

29	♂	Short-tailed Skipper (Northern Zestusa) Zestusa dorus		© 2009 Andrew D. Warren	The light grey and creamy-grey hindwing ventral “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva.
				© 2010 Jim P. Brock	The penultimate instar is creamy-grey with pale yellow stripes. A greenish cast—the color of the leaf--seems to show through skin.

30	♂	Cuban Sicklewing Eantis papinianus		© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren	The dark whitish-very pale bluish ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the fifth instar larva.
				© 2010 Andrei Sourakov	The light cream color of the fifth instar, with pale bluish-green showing through skin; two pale yellow stripes and cream colored head seems similar to the patch on the ventral hindwing. First instar larvae have a dark head, no yellow and more cream. The larva is photographed on a citris branch.

		possible cover image	Helicopis cupido incerta	Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern
		possible cover image	© 2011 Kim Garwood	Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern