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Appendix 1. Thirty Resemblances in Taxonomic Order.
Please note:
1. [James: Permission to use of these images will be sought pending your reactions. Upon receipt of high-res images from the
photographers we will refine the black (or yellow) line around the portion of the wing that is of interest.]
2. Clicking on the common name (or Latinized name, if lacking a common name) links you to a larger image on the Butterflies of America website. You'll need to click on
your browser's upper left "back" arrow to return to this list.
4. [James: If length remains an issue, here are two possibilities: A few butterflies have two photos of larvae, one can be cut. Also, the four examples used in the paper are included here because they look so different as pinned specimens and because makes it easier to compare them with the other examples. You might want to cut them. If length is not an issue, but you're disinclined to cut them, we can replace them with other examples.]
5. Captions describe our impression of the resemblance as well as available instar and foodplant information.
6. Clicking on "Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern" at the end of the list to links you to a list showing examples with white spots along wing margins (See Monarch larva (27), below).
Darryl Wheye and Paul Ehrlich
May 23, 2015 June 9, 2015
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| # |
|
Caption |
Link to image in Butterflies of America
|
Adults and Larvae |
| |
Papilionidae (4) |
1 |
♀ |
The pink hindwing "larval band" resembles early instar larvae, which are gregarious.
LS News:2006 (48:2).
|
Ruby-spotted Swallowtail
Heraclides anchisiades idaeus
|
 
© 2007 Andrew Warren |
1 larva |
|
Later instars are darker. |
|
© 2007 Dan Hardy |
| |
| |
| |
| |
2 |
♀ |
This example is from our text. The pale blue-green hindwing "larval band" ends with an orange spot that resembles the partially everted orange osmiteria that larvae display defensively. Note naturally held forewings cover the upper hindwing orange spot with a continuation of “the larval resemblance.
LS News: 2008 (50:3-4), 2006 (48:3), 1980 (22:1), 1974 (16:2.) |
Eastern Tiger swallowtail |
|
| Papilio glaucous |
| |
| © 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland, and Andrew Warren |
2 larva |
|
In a study of herbivore diet breadth vs. bird predation, it was found that "Caterpillars with generalized diets are less likely than specialists to be camouflaged or to display warning colors or features to avian predators."
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-07-eaters-eaten.html#jCpInstar not noted in photograph. |
Eastern Tiger swallowtail |
|
| Papilio glaucous |
| |
| © Michael Singer |
3 |
♂ |
This butterfly may also be known as Heraclides rumiko. The white hindwing "larval band" ends in an orange crescent that resembles the partially(?) everted orange osmiteria that larvae display defensively. |
|
 "  |
| Papilio rumiko |
| |
| © 2014 Nick V. Grishin |
3 larva |
|
Instar not noted in photograph. |
|
|
| Papilio rumiko |
| |
| © 2008 Bill Bouton |
4 |
♀ |
This example is from our text. The pink and white hindwing "larval band" resembles to a degree the pink and white larval spines |
Pink-spotted Cattleheart |
|
| Parides photinus |
| |
| © 2008 David Robacker |
4 larva |
|
Larva is on foodplant: Aristolochia splendens. Instar not noted in photograph. |
Pink-spotted Cattleheart |
|
| Parides photinus |
| |
| © 2009 Luc Legal, Jerome Labre & Oscar Dorado |
| |
Pieridae (1) |
5 |
♀ |
The pale orange “tip” of the forewing and the black mark on the interior edge resembles the color of the larva and its black eyes. |
Sara Orangetip |
|
| Anthocharis sara thoosa |
| |
| © 2009 Jim P. Brock |
5 larva |
|
First instar is orange with a few bristles. |
Sara Orangetip |
|
| Anthocharis sara thoosa |
| |
| © 2010 Jim P. Brock |
|
Lycaenidae (4) |
6 |
♂ |
There is a fairly strong resemblance between the color and shape of the larva and the hindwing “larval band”. |
Deep-green Hairstreak |
|
| Theritas mavors |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
6 larva |
|
Last instar; foodplant is Conostegia xalapensis |
Deep-green Hairstreak |
|
| Theritas mavors |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
7 |
♀ |
The pale yellowish hindwing “larval band” resembles a larva. In some photos the larvae appear greener. |
Sandia Hairstreak |
|
| Callophrys mcfarlandi |
| |
| © 2009 Jim P. Brock |
7 larva |
|
Instar not noted. |
Sandia Hairstreak |
|
| Callophrys mcfarlandi |
| |
| © 2010 Jim P. Brock |
8 |
♀ |
The orange-pink hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva, but some larvae photos show pale individuals.
|
Ellis' Blue |
|
| Euphilotes ellisii ellisii |
| |
© 2008 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland
and Andrew Warren |
8
larva |
|
Larva is on Eriogonum corymbosum. Instar not noted.
|
Ellis' Blue |
|
| Euphilotes ellisii ellisii |
| |
| © 2011 Nicky Davis |
9 |
♀ |
The orange hindwing “larval band” resembles prediapause 4th instar larvae.
|
Spalding's Blue |
|
| Euphilotes spaldingi spaldingi |
| |
| © 2008 Todd Stout |
9 larva |
|
The 4th instar, prediapause larva is orangish-pinkish-reddish
|
Spalding's Blue |
|
| Euphilotes spaldingi spaldingi |
| |
| © 2008 Todd Stout |
|
Riodinidae (5) |
10 |
♂ |
The aposematic orange-red hindwing “larval band” with black spots and white marks resembles, to a degree, a last instar black-spotted, greenish-orange larva. |
Red-rimmed Euselasia |
|
| Euselasia pellonia pellonia |
| |
© 2014 Jim P. Brock |
10 larva |
|
Last instar is greenish-orange with black spots and pale bistles; foodplant is Vochysia guatemalensis. |
Red-rimmed Euselasia |
|
| Euselasia pellonia pellonia |
| |
| © 2010D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
11 |
♂ |
Except for the orange patch near head, this otherwise black and white "ray" patterned adult resembles a last instar larva. Nijout identified this pattern as the “intervenous stripe system”. |
White-rayed Metalmark |
|
| Hades noctula |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
11 larva |
|
Last instar has long bristles and black/white "rays"; foodplant is Tapirira mexicana. |
White-rayed Metalmark |
|
| Hades noctula |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
12 |
♂ |
The blackish blue ventral forewing has an aposematic yellow patch that resembles a last instar larva, minus the black dots. |
Godart's Metalmark |
|
| Esthemopsis pherephatte pherephatte |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
12 larva |
|
Last instar larvae are yellow with black bristles that look ike spots from above and long pale bristles along the edge; foodplant is Trichospermum grewiifolium. |
Godart's Metalmark |
|
| Esthemopsis pherephatte pherephatte |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
13 |
♂ |
The black dorsal hindwing has an aposematic orange patch that resembles a penultimate instar larva. |
Golden-banded Metalmark |
|
| Pirascca tyriotes |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
13 larva |
♀ |
Penultimate instar is orange with long pale bristles along the edge; foodplant is Miconia argentea. |
Golden-banded Metalmark |
|
| Pirascca tyriotes |
| |
| © 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
14 |
♂ |
This example is from our text. The resemblance is found along the wing margins |
Variable emesis |
|
| Emesis mandana |
| |
| © 2010 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland and Andrew Warren |
14 larva |
|
Penultimate instar is greenish orange with bristles growing from short black spines that resemble the black dots on the wing margins; foodplant is Croton yucatanensis |
Variable emesis |
|
| Emesis mandana |
| |
© Daniel Janzen and W. Hallwachs,
voucher code: 05-SRNP-63174 http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/
caterpillars/database.lasso |
|
Nymphalidae (13) |
15 |
♀ |
The orange and dark brown hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva. |
Gulf Fritillary |
|
| Agraulis vanillae incarnata |
| |
| © 2009 Jim P. Brock |
15 larva |
|
The last instarof this orange and black larva has long black spines with black bristles;foodplant is Passiflora foetida. |
Gulf Fritillary |
|
| Agraulis vanillae incarnata |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
16 |
|
The orange and black hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva. This is more evident in some photographs than in others. |
Juno Longwing |
  |
| Dione juno huascuma |
| |
| © 2005 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland |
16 larva |
|
The last instar is orange and purplish-brown with black spines and bristlesis. The larva is on Passiflora edulis. |
Juno Longwing |
|
| Dione juno huascuma |
| |
| © 2011 Kenji Nishida |
17 |
♀ |
The brown hindwing has red dots near body. The dark segmentation lineson the white “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the long black spines of a third instar larva. |
Sara Longwing |
 |
| Heliconius sara theudela |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
17 larva |
|
Third instar larva is white with black spines. |
Sara Longwing |
|
| Heliconius sara theudela |
| |
| © 2011 Rudy Dodero |
18 |
|
The pinkish, mauve, white, beige and rust patterned ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva. |
Tracta Sister |
 |
| Adelpha tracta |
| |
| © 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
18 larva |
♂ |
The penultimate instar matches the adult relatively well; foodplant is Viburnum venustum, |
Tracta Sister |
|
| Adelpha tracta |
| |
| © 2010 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
19 |
♀ |
The black and white-spotted ventral hindwing margin is probably aposomatic and to a degree resembles the larva. |
Guatamalan Cracker |
 |
| Hamadryas guatemalena marmarice |
| |
| © 2011 Andrew D. Warren |
19 larva |
|
This white and black and yellow--and presumably aposomatic--larva has black spines and black bristles. The instar of is not noted. It was photographed on Dalechampia. |
Guatamalan Cracker |
|
| Hamadryas guatemalena marmarice |
| |
| © 2010 Jim P. Brock |
20 |
♀ |
The complex beige, bright orange, light orange, pale blue, black, light and dark brown pattern on the ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the complex light orange and black pattern of the larva. |
West Coast Lady |
  |
| Vanessa annabella |
| |
| © 2009 Andrew Warren |
20 larva |
|
The instar of this light orange and black larva with grey bristles is not noted. |
West Coast Lady |
|
| Vanessa annabella |
| |
| © 2009 Jim P. Brock |
21 |
♀ |
The rust, bright orange, white, black and light brown/beige ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles, to a degree, the black, bright orange, white, and rust colored larva. |
Northern Buckeye |
  |
| Junonia coenia coenia |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
21 larva |
|
The instar of this black, bright orange, white and rust-colored larva with black spines and black bristles is not noted. |
Northern Buckeye |
 |
| Junonia coenia coenia |
| |
| © 2007 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland |
21 larva |
|
The instar of this black, bright orange, white and rust-colored larva with black spines and black bristles is not noted. The larval ventral surface has more orange/rust. It was photographed on Agalinis |
Northern Buckeye |
|
| Junonia coenia coenia |
| |
| © 2010 Jeff Trahan |
22 |
♀ |
The dark brown/black, light orange, bright orange, and white dorsal hindwing “larval band” resembles the larva. |
Fulvia Checkerspot |
  |
| Chlosyne fulvia coronado |
| |
| © 2009 Jim P. Brock |
22 larva |
|
The instar of this black, light orange and white, black-spined, black-bristled orange-headed larva is not noted. |
Fulvia Checkerspot |
|
| Chlosyne fulvia coronado |
| |
| © 2009 Kim Davis and Mike Strangeland |
23 |
♂ |
The light orange, bright orange, dark brown and cream ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the black-spotted and black-spined orange larva. |
Dotted Checkerspot |
  |
| Poladryas minuta minuta |
| |
| © 2010 Andrew D. Warren |
23 larva |
|
The instar of the black-spotted and black-spined orange larva is not noted. |
Dotted Checkerspot |
|
| Poladryas minuta minuta |
| |
| © 2011 Jim P. Brock |
24 |
♀ |
The black-spotted white, brown and cream ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles an early instar larva. |
Phaon Crescent |
  |
| Phyciodes phaon phaon |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
24 larva |
|
The early instar larva is yellowish white with bristles, brownish stripes, orange spots and a black head. |
Phaon Crescent |
|
| Phyciodes phaon phaon |
| |
| © 2011 Berry Nall |
25 |
♂ |
Except for the rust-ringed false eye, the pale brown hindwing “larval band” with bits of black, cream, and beige resembles, to a degree, the brown patterned larva. |
Muripetens Calisto |
  |
| Calisto muripetens |
| |
| © 2014 Rayner Nuñez |
25 larva |
|
The instar of this brown patterned larva is not noted. |
Muripetens Calisto |
|
| Calisto muripetens |
| |
| © 2014 Rayner Nuñez |
26 |
♀ |
The beige vental hindwing “larval band” resembles the fifth instar larva. |
Sugar cane Calisto |
  |
| Calisto pulchella pulchella |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
26 larva |
|
The fifth instar is primarily beige, resembling the adult except for the small ocellus. The photo appears to show the larva within a stem. |
Sugar cane Calisto |
|
| Calisto pulchella pulchella |
| |
| © 2010 Andrei Sourakov |
27 |
♀ |
This example is from our text. The resemblance is not with a Monarch larva, but with a spotted larva, such as those of the Pipevine Swallowtail. Note the double dotted pattern along the wing edges. |
Monarch |
|
| Danaus plexippus plexippus |
| |
| © 2011 Andrew D. Warren |
27 larva |
|
The spotted larva, with its partially everted osmiteria is on Aristolochia. |
Pipevine Swallowtail |
|
| Battus philenor philenor |
| |
| © 2008 Wanda Smith |
|
Hesperiidae |
28 |
♀ |
The light mauve, rust, white, cream and beige ventral hindwing “larval band” ending in the rust-colored triangle resembles, to a degree, a last instar larva with rust-colored eyes. |
Gold-spotted Aguna |
  |
| Aguna asander asander |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
28 larva |
|
The last instar larva has rust-colored eyes and a cream-colored body; foodplantis Bauhinia ungulata. |
Gold-spotted Aguna |
|
| Aguna asander asander |
| |
| © 2011 D.H. Janzen and W. Hallwachs |
29 |
♂ |
The light grey and creamy-grey hindwing ventral “larval band” resembles a penultimate instar larva. |
Short-tailed Skipper (Northern Zestusa) |
  |
| Zestusa dorus |
| |
| © 2009 Andrew D. Warren |
29 larva |
|
The penultimate instar is creamy-grey with pale yellow stripes. A greenish cast—the color of the leaf--seems to show through skin. |
Short-tailed Skipper (Northern Zestusa) |
|
| Zestusa dorus |
| |
| © 2010 Jim P. Brock |
|
♂
|
The dark whitish-very pale bluish ventral hindwing “larval band” resembles the fifth instar larva. |
Cuban Sicklewing |
  |
| Eantis papinianus |
| |
© 2009 Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland,
and Andrew Warren |
larva |
|
The light cream color of the fifth instar, with pale bluish-green showing through skin; two pale yellow stripes and cream colored head seems similar to the patch on the ventral hindwing. First instar larvae have a dark head, no yellow and more cream. The larva is photographed on a citris branch. |
Cuban Sicklewing |
|
| Eantis papinianus |
| |
| © 2010 Andrei Sourakov |
| |
|
possible cover image |
Helicopis cupido incerta |
Appendix 2: Wing Edge Dot Pattern |
| © 2011 Kim Garwood |
