aIncubation period: 8-13 days.

aEpidemiolgy: Incidents have been historically underreported, however there have been reports from Europe, North and South America, Australia and Japan of LCMV infections. LCMV can occur wherever infected rodents are present. Studies of urban areas in North America have shown 2-10% infection rates.

aSymptomology and Outcomes: During the initial phase of LCMV (first week of infection), symptoms include fever, malaise, anorexia, muscle aches, headaches, nausea and vomiting. After the initial phase and a few days of remission, the second phase of symptoms begins. During the second phase, symptoms of meningitis or characteristics of encephalitis are observed. In rare instances, myelitis causing muscle weakness, paralysis, and changes in body sensation occur. Generally, patients fully recover from LCMV, however in some cases CNS damage can occur.

aPathology and Pathogenesis: Pathology and Pathogenesis: Viremia occurs often in cerebrospinal fluid in acute cases. In addition, invasion of the CNS through lymphocytes, plasma cells, and attendant cytokines occurs when meningitis is present.

aPrevention and Management: LCMV is easiest to prevent by avoiding direct contact with rodents and their fecal matter. In addition, adequate ventilation in buildings can also help prevent transmission. Treatment for LCMV is supportive. In chronic cases, anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids can be administered.