1;95;0c1;95;0c Linguistics 150: Language and Society

           Linguistics 150: Language in Society     Winter 2016     MW 1:30-2:50     160-124                                        

The class meets in 100-101K.

It's not just the things we say that are meaningful, but the way in which we say them. The wording, the language, the style in which we say them, when and where we say them, who picks up what we say, etc. This course will explore many aspects of how we use language to make social meaning. A crucial purpose is to make sure you go away with a critical understanding of language issues in society. I expect you will learn quite a bit about how language works, how society works, and how they work together.

There won't be a bunch of facts to learn, but a requirement that you observe broadly and think deeply about the sociolinguistic phenomena we're going to study. Since this course is not presenting a bag o' facts, but building a new way of seeing language and the social world, it's particularly important that you come to every class having read, and reflected about, the assignment for the day.

Readings and assignments are available on Canvas. You are responsible for reading the entire week's assignments in time for class on Monday, uploading the written assignment to Canvas by 5 PM on Sunday. Since these assignments contribute to planning the week's classes, we can't tolerate lateness. We will reduce the grade on a late assignment by 10%, and we will not accept assignments after class on Monday has begun. That could mean major points off your final grade, so if you have a good reason to submit late, get in touch with us well in advance.

Two of the assignments are responses to the readings. These should not have to be more than a page. There are also three small analyses, and there is a final project, which will be done in small groups and presented during dead week.

Grades will be Calculated as follows, with a total of 100 points:
    2 Reading Responses: 10 points ea.
    Listening Assignment: 10 points
    Style/Persona: 15 points
    Walking: 15 points
    Final Project 30 points
    Exising 10 points

Students with documented disabilities:
Students who may need an academic accommodation based on the impact of a disability must initiate the request with the Student Disability Resource Center (SDRC) located within the Office of Accessible Education (OAE). SDRC staff will evaluate the request with required documentation, recommend reasonable accommodations, and prepare an Accommodation Letter for faculty dated in the current quarter in which the request is being made. Students should contact the SDRC as soon as possible since timely notice is needed to coordinate accommodations. The OAE is located at 563 Salvatierra Walk (phone: 723-1066).
     Instructor:
     Penelope Eckert
     eckert@stanford.edu
     Website
     108 Margaret Jacks
     Office hours: Monday 3-4




  TA:
  Sharese King
  sharese@stanford.edu
  Website
  112 Margaret Jacks
  Office hours:
  Wednesday 3-4





STUFF

There's lots of good stuff on Language Log
Geoff Pullum's latest
2015 interview about vocal fry on Fresh Air
2015 This American Life:If you don't have anything nice to say, SAY IT IN ALL CAPS


WHAT IT'S ABOUT READINGS AND ASSIGNMENTS

Week 1 (Jan. 9,11): Initial Perspectives
We will begin with some perspective-taking. Linguists describe how people actually talk, not how they "should" talk. (The distinction that is always raised in introductory linguistics courses is descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar.) Sociolinguists take this interest in how people actually talk to the extreme. We're interested in how speakers use, and mess with, language as they go about their social lives, how they change language as they use it. We're interested in how language is used to accomplish the social, and if we're interested in judgments of correctness, we're interested in them as evidence not of linguistic structure but of ideology. So we begin this course with a brief look at linguistic purism.

Protecting languages against imagined threats is an age-old occupation, giving rise to institutions such as the Académie Française, to the English Only movement in the US, and to the current media frenzy about young women's use of "Vocal Fry." You will begin by reading a few short popular pieces about different kinds of purism by two linguists, Geoffrey Pullum (Edinburgh), and Deborah Cameron (Oxford).

Read these blogs in preparation for class on Wednesday:
http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2013/11/14/lying-about-writing/
http://www.berfrois.com/2012/07/deborah-cameron-grammar-alchemy/
http://www.berfrois.com/2012/12/deborah-cameron-a-word-of-the-queens/
Watch Abby Normal on the subject of vocal fry:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsE5mysfZsY

If any of you are fans of Strunk and White's Elements of Style, you might want to read this one as well - Geoff Pullum's critique of the combination of purism with grammatical ignorance:
http://chronicle.com/article/50-Years-of-Stupid-Grammar/25497

There are certainly usages that you're insecure about, and other people's usages that annoy you. That's part of being a speaker, so we should get our own ideologies on the table from the start. So come to class on Wednesday prepared to share those.
Week 2 (Jan. 18): Appropriation and Pejoration
Purism and pejoration are two sides of a coin. A belief in language purity provides a pretext for discriminating against language varieties that do not have the seal of approval. It also makes these varieties "fair" targets of parody and stereotype. The issue of appropriation has been most visible recently in athletic teams' appropriation of Native American culture/stereotypes. The University of Illinois hung on desperately to their Chief Illiniwek until ten years ago:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSoR8PLorTw
and then there's the Washington Redskins:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/washington-redskins-name-controversy
and the hipster headdress:
http://nativeappropriations.com/2011/08/hipster-headdress-outside-lands-le-sigh.html
Similar appropriations happen with language:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RljdyXeft04
http://pileojunk.tripod.com/commandments.html

All of this activity is based on stereotypes, which homogenize social groups and ways of speaking. But people and language are anything but homogeneous, and in the weeks that follow, we will be focusing on the nature of fluidity.
Read:
Hill, J. H. (1993). Hasta la vista, baby: Anglo Spanish in the American Southwest. Critique of Anthropology 13:145-176.

Choose one of the following:
Chun, E. (2011). Reading race beyond black and white. Discourse and society 22(4): 403-21.

Cutler, Cecilia. (1999). Yorkville crossing: White teens, hiphop and African American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3/4 428-442.

Chun, E. (2001). The construction of white, black and Korean American identitites through African American Vernacular English. Journal of linguistic anthropology 11: 52-64.

Write:
In what way are the examples of linguistic appropriation in this week's articles the same as, and different from, an American's adoption of a British accent?
Week 3 (Jan. 23, 25): What is a dialect?
The difference between a language and a dialect is a purely political one. This week, we will examine how language changes and how dialects are formed. We will discuss the fluidity of linguistic varieties, and the power issues surrounding language variability, standardization, shift and death. There are a number of websites with information about languages and about language survival/loss. I recommend you look around, but here are a few suggestions:

For some information about the kinds of linguistic varieties there are, visit the Hawaii Language Varieties Website
And for the languages of the world: Ethnologue
Languages are being decimated at an enormous rate. For information about some situations, take a look at Cultural Survival.
Read:
Gal, S. (1978). Peasant men can't get wives: Language change and sex roles in a bilingual community. Language in Society 7: 1-16.

McCarty, Teresa L., Mary Eunice Romero-Little & Ofelia Zepeda. (2008). Native American youth discourses on language shift and retention: Ideological cross-currents and their implications for language planning. International journal of bilingual education and bilingualism. 9(5): 659-77.

Write: No written assignment this week.
Week 4 (Jan. 30, Feb. 1):Linguistic Variability and Social Meaning
As you saw last week, linguistic change spreads across the countryside. This spread isn't random, but follows networks of communication. And by virtue of the social path of its spread, it takes on social meaning and becomes a resource for the construction of identities. This week we will focus on the "big picture" of the spread of change, the social stratification of language features and issues of power.
Read:
Eckert, P. 1988. Sound change and adolescent social structure. Language in society 17:183-207

Zhang, Q. (2005). A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological variation and the construction of a new professional identity. Language in society, 34(3), 431-66.
Listen: Qing Zhang has recorded the Mandarin examples in this paper just for you. You will find them in the Sound Files folder with the readings on Canvas. Note that she made a mistake in naming the first variables she reads - these are Smooth Operator variables, not Alley Saunterer variables.

Write:
Do the listening assignment.
Week 5 (Feb. 6, 8): Persona and the Stylistic Landscape
As you saw last week, language is an important resource for the construction of identity. In the next few weeks we will be focusing on how speakers use language to construct personae, and how those personae relate to the larger social structure. This week we will move beyond regional variables, to the wide range of stylistic resources a language offers up for the construction of identities. The focus will be on bricolage, or stylistic "tinkering." We will be talking a good deal (and you will be reading) about voice quality. Here's website with descriptions and recordings of different voice qualities (phonation types).
Read:
Podesva, R. (2007). Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of sociolinguistics, 11(4), 478-504.
Listen: Here's a website with descriptions and recordings of different phonation types (voice qualities) to help you follow the Podesva article.

Moore, E. (2004). Sociolinguistic style: A multidimensional resource for shared identity creation. Canadian journal of linguistics 49: 375-396.

Write:
No written assignment this week.
Week 6 (Feb. 13, 15): Style and the Body
Linguistic style never occurs alone. It is tightly bound to the body, and to things around the body. This week we will delve into style writ large, considering speech style within the broader stylistic context - both the wider range of semiotic modes (adornment, activities, consumption) and within the broader stylistic landscape.
Read:
Mendoza-Denton, N. (1996). Muy macha: Gender and ideology in gang discourse about makeup. Ethnos, 61, 47-63.

Note that the emphasis this week is not only reading but on careful consideration of characterological types. You should be putting a lot of thought and effort into this week's written assignment.

Write:
Do the persona/style assignment.
Week 7 (Feb. 22): Performativity and Authenticity
This week we engage once again with the notion of authenticity, and consider what it means to talk about a social self. What does it mean to be a woman or a man, working class or middle class, black or white? The readings will be on gender, because it is with respect to gender that serious work on performativity came to be. But we will extend this notion to social identity more generally.
Read:

Hall, K. (1992). Women's language for sale on the fantasy lines. Locating power: Proceedings of the second Berkeley Women and Language Conference. K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon. Berkeley, Berkeley Women and Language Group. 1: 207-222.

Butler, J. (1988). Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. Theatre journal 40(4): 519-531.

Recommended:

Goffman, E. (1977). "The arrangement between the sexes." Theory and Society 4: 301-332.

Write:
Do the "Figures in the stylistic landscape" assignment on Canvas.
Week 8 (Feb. 27, 29): The Organization of Talk
This week we turn to the regulation of talk. Carrying on a conversation - or even walking down the street - is not a natural process. We learn how to do it as we acquire language, and the norms for turn-taking, like the norms for standing around in public, are culture-specific. This week we will delve into the organization of talk at the level of speech events - when can people talk, how, and about what? And we will incorporate this into our theory of style.
Basso, K. H. (1970) To give up on words: Silence in Western Apache culture. In P. P. Giglioli (Ed.), Language and Social Context (pp. 67-86).

Schegloff, E., & Sacks, H. (1973). Opening up closings. Semiotica, 8, 69. 289-327.

Tannen, D. (1981). "New York Jewish conversational style." International journal of the sociology of language 30: 133-139.

Write:
Walk through an area with reasonably heavy foot traffic (University Avenue, campus between classes, the bookstore ...) and pay attention to how you manage to navigate without bumping into people. Describe this process step by step.
Week 9 (March 6, 8): Language and Social Change
Linguistic change is an integral part of social change. This final week, we will focus on the role of linguistic practice in social change, and on the reflection of social history in linguistic variability.
Read:
Sharma, Devyani. 2011. Style, repertoire and social change in British Asian English, Journal of sociolinguistics, 15: 464-92.

Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Rebecca L. Starr. 2011. Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area. English today, 26: 12-19.
Week 10 (March 13, 15): Dead Week
Project Presentations