Railroaded

in collaboration with The Spatial History Project


Richard Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990), 243-48, 243-62.

Richard Eugene Sylla, The American Capital Market, 1846-1914: A Study of the Effects of Public Policy on Economic Development (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 155-61.

Vincent P. Carosso, Investment Banking in America: A History (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970), 15-17.

For the amounts of bonded debts of railroads, with figures for 1867, including elevated railways, and figures for 1890 excluding them, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 2 vols.(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1975), 2:734, ser. Q 346--55.

Lance E. Davis and Robert E. Gallman, Evolving Financial Markets and International Capital Flows: Britain, the Americas, and Australia, 1865-1914 (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001), 56, 32, 234, 238, 249-52, 333.