Dubofsky locates the ideological formulations of the judiciary in this larger language of republicanism and free labor.

See Herbert Hovenkamp, Enterprise and American Law, 1836-1937 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1991), 320-21.

and also, Melvyn Dubofsky, "The Federal Judiciary, Free Labor, and Equal Rights," in Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore, eds., The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999), 159-74.