For a sampling of this literature, see Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, for a powerful state at the beginning, not the end, of Wiebes period. For the modernity of antimonopolism, see Charles Postel, The Populist Vision.

For newer studies of the evolution of the railroads, see Steven Usselman, Regulating Railroad Innovation.

For their relation to the state, see Roy, Socializing Capital. For information, see Menahem Blondheim, News over the Wires.

See the recent and quite wonderful book by Richard R. John, Network Nation.

Bensel, Yankee Leviathan.

Charles Postel, The Populist Vision (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).

Steven Usselman, Regulating Railroad Innovation: Business, Technology and Politics in America, 1840-1920 (New York, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002).

Roy, Socializing Capital.

Menahem Blondheim, News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844-1897 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1994).

Richard R. John, Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010).