Lavender, Great Persuader, 146-47.

Fletcher M. Green, "Origins of the Crﾎdit Mobilier of America," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 46 (September 1959), 238-51.

Klein, Union Pacific, 35.

For a general account of such companies, see William Z. Ripley, Railroads, Finance and Organization (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1915), 10-18.