Voss, Making of American Exceptionalism, 82, 83.

Craig Phelan, Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), 118-19.

Robert E. Weir, Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor (University Park: Pennsylvania Univ. Press, 1996), 161.

Enyeart, Quest for Just and Pure Law, 41-42, 46-47, 50-54, for workers gains in West, 55-56.

See also Philip R. P. Coelho and James F. Shepherd, "The Impact of Regional Differences in Prices and Wages on Economic Growth: The Unites States in 1890," Journal of Economic History 39 (March 1979): 69-85, esp. 72-73, 76-77.