Although scholars until recently have emphasized the comparative weakness of the American state, the federal government was hardly weak between 1860 and 1876. The classic work here is Richard Bensel, Yankee Leviathan,
Richard Bensel,

Although scholars until recently have emphasized the comparative weakness of the American state, the federal government was hardly weak between 1860 and 1876. The classic work here is Richard Bensel, Yankee Leviathan,
Richard Bensel,
James C. Scott, Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1998), 13.
Lears, Rebirth of a Nation, is a recent and brilliant reinterpretation, but it still embodies much of Wiebes and Chandlers interpretation.
Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), 181.
Chandler, Visible Hand, 6-12, 87, 289.
Charles Perrow, Complex Organizations, 117.
I am hardly the first historian to both admire and struggle against Wiebe's artful and capacious narrative, but my technique is a little different in that I focus on the railroad corporation as both modern and disorderly.