Capital/Finance | Railroaded

Poor, Manual, 1877-78, 665.

Ernest Howard, Wall Street Fifty Years after Erie: Being a Comparative Account of the Making and Breaking of the Jay Gould Railroad Fortune (Boston: Stratford Company, 1923), 1-6.

Buss, Villard, 69-70.

Testimony of Russell Sage, May 12, 1887, PRC, 1:346.

Testimony of Jay Gould, May 17, 1887, PRC, 1:456.

Testimony of Henry Villard, May 14, 1887, PRC, 1:428-35, 56.

For its overcapitalization, see Report of William Calhoun, Accountant, PRC, 4891-4919.

Henry Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard, Journalist and Financier, 1835-1900, 2 vols. (Westminster: Archibald and Constable & Co., 1904), 2:280-81.

Peter Tufano, "Business Failure, Judicial Intervention and Financial Innovation: Restructuring U.S. Railroads in the Nineteenth Century," Business History Review 71 (Spring 1997): 8-19.