Gunther Peck, Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, 1880-1930 (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000), 65.
Peck, Reinventing Free Labor, 51-53
Yuji Ichioka, "Japanese Immigrant Labor Contractors and the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern Railroad Companies, 1898-1907," Labor History (1980): 326, 330-31, 333, 336-37
For an extension of the anti-Chinese logic to Italians and French Canadians, "Cheap Foreign Labor," Union Pacific Employes Magazine, Feb. 1886, p. 9.
William John Pinkerton, His Personal Record: Stories of Railroad Life (Kansas City: Pinkerton Publishing Company, 1904), 21.
Towne to CPH, April 29, 1879, CPH Papers, ser. 1, r. 17.
Peck, Reinventing Free Labor, 51.