Licht, Working for the Railroad, 58.
Stromquist, Generation of Boomers, 50-99, 107, 10, 110.
Eric Arnesen, "Like Banquos Ghost, It Will Not Down: The Race Question and the American Railroad Brotherhoods, 1880-1920," American Historical Review 99 (Dec. 1994): 1614-15, 1628.
Transportation Rules, Northern Pacific System of Railroads, in Effect Sept. 1, 1883.
The Burlington's early descriptions of duties were even shorter.
untitled, "Prepared by John B. Nyman," 63, 1870, 6.5, CB&Q.
Adams to Callaway, Aug. 14, 1885, UP, PO, OC, vol. 31, ser. 2, r. 27.
Callaway to Adams, March 19, 1886, UP, SG2, ser. 1, box 34, f. 1: Callaway; Adams to S. R. Callaway, May 12, 19, 1886, UP, PO, OC, vol. 38, r. 33, ser. 2.
For Santa Fe, James H. Ducker, Men of the Steel Rails: Workers on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 1869-1900 (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1983), 107, 113.