John H. White Jr., The American Railroad Freight Car: From the Wood-Car Era to the Coming of Steel (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993), 528-29.
Licht, Working for the Railroad, 182-83.
White, American Freight Car, 529.
Aldrich, Death Rode the Rails, 28.
In the early 1870s the Central Pacific sometimes hooked freight cars with fruit, salmon, and silk and, on their return, with oysters onto passenger trains. By then the Union Pacific demanded that all cars on a passenger train be equipped with air brakes.
Towne to CPH, Feb. 19, 1873, CPH Papers, ser. 1, r. 5.
By 1891 75 percent to 80 percent of the Northern Pacific freight cars had air brakes.
Usselman, Regulating Railroad Innovation, 130-38, 280-85.
Aldrich, Death Rode the Rails, 114-15.
White, American Freight Car, 528, 530, 539, 543-45.
Aldrich, Death Rode the Rails, 114-15.