Albro Martin, James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest (St. Paul: Minneapolis Historical Society Press, 1991), 410-11.
Alfred Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1977), 109-20.
Charles W. Calhoun, Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 2008), 80-82.
Herbert Hovenkamp, Enterprise and American Law, 1836-1937 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1991), 283, 286-91.
R. Jeffrey Lustig, Corporate Liberalism: The Origins of Modern American Political Theory, 1890-1920 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1982), 94.