Berton, The Impossible Railway, 373-77.

Testimony of Andrew Onderdonk, Oct. 30, 1884, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration, Report and Evidence (Ottawa: Printed by Order of the Commission, 1885), 148.

Yen, "Chinese Workers," 36.

Fight immigration restriction, Northern Pacific, Mitchell to Spafford, Jan. 31, 1882, J.H. Mitchell Letters 1882, f. 579, Box 82 Villard Papers.

Frank Bowden to Villard, Dec. 13, 1881, Box 38, Mss. 8893, v. 719, f. 273, Villard Papers.

Southern Pacific, Huntington to Crocker, Jan. 19, Feb. 4, 1882, CPH Papers, ser. 2 r. 6..

White, "Race, Ethnicity and Gender in the Railroad Work Force," 268.