Powderly and the Knights leadership pressed against southern racism but not western racism.

F. J. Clark, J. P. Dalton, and A. G. Read, "Committee to General Assembly of Knights of Labor," in Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor, 216-17.

Bromley, Chinese Massacre, 38-39.

"Statement of Knights of Labor L.A. No. 3,017, Nanaimo, B.C.," Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration, 155-160.

Phelan, Grand Master Workman, 151-53.

Weir, Beyond Labor's Veil, 46.

Fong and Markham, "Anti-Chinese Politics in California," 205-6, and Eric Fong and William T. Markham, "Immigration, Ethnicity, and Conflict: The California Chinese, 1849-1882," Sociological Inquiry 61 (1991): 471-90.

Carlos A. Schwantes, "Protest in a Promised Land: Unemployment, Disinheritance, and the Origin of Labor Militancy in the Pacific Northwest, 1885-86," Western Historical Quarterly 13 (Oct. 1982): 373-90.

Buchanan, Labor Agitator, 66.

Arnesen, "The Race Question," 1604-6.