Postel, Populist Vision, 148-49.

Marion Todd, Railways of Europe and America (Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1893), iii.

Thomas Frank, "The Leviathan with Tentacles of Steel: Railroads in the Minds of Kansas Populists," The Western Historical Quarterly 20 (Feb., 1989), 42-43, 47-48.

For conservative "developer Populists," Peter H. Argersinger, "Populists in Power: Public Policy and Legislative Behavior," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (Summer 1987), 101.