In North Dakota the open-range industry was confined largely to the Little Missouri River country and the Badlands. It flowered between 1883 and 1887.

Harold E. Briggs, "The Development and Decline of Open Range Ranching in the Northwest," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (March 1934): 526.

Elwyn B. Robinson, History of North Dakota (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1966), 186-93.

Clay, My Life on the Range, 88.

for the FE&MV, "Our Livestock Traffic," in Freight and Passenger Earnings, 1885, UP, unnumbered box, 149-51, S. W. Powers to P. P. Shelby, Aug. 18, 1885, UP, box 28, UPRR Freight Dept.