100% Wind, Water, and Solar (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps and Grid Studies for 149 Countries
Energy, health, and climate costs of carbon-capture and direct-air-capture versus 100%-wind-water-solar climate policies in 149 countries
Paper+Supplemental Information, 2025 (pdf)
Infographic summaries from this study
(All-149-Countries)
(Albania)
(Algeria)
(Angola)
(Argentina)
(Armenia)
(Australia)
(Austria)
(Azerbaijan)
(Bahrain)
(Bangladesh)
(Belarus)
(Belgium)
(Benin)
(Bolivia)
(Bosnia-Herz)
(Botswana)
(Brazil)
(Brunei)
(Bulgaria)
(Cambodia)
(Cameroon)
(Canada)
(Chile)
(China)
(Colombia)
(Congo)
(CongoDR)
(Costa Rica)
(Cote d'Ivoire)
(Croatia)
(Cuba)
(Curacao)
(Cyprus)
(Czech Republic)
(Denmark)
(Dominican Rep)
(Ecuador)
(Egypt)
(El Salvador)
(Equatorial Guinea
)
(Eritrea)
(Estonia)
(Eswatini)
(Ethiopia)
(Finland)
(France)
(Gabon)
(Georgia)
(Germany)
(Ghana)
(Gibraltar)
(Greece)
(Guatemala)
(Haiti)
(Honduras)
(Hong Kong)
(Hungary)
(Iceland)
(India)
(Indonesia)
(Iran)
(Iraq)
(Ireland)
(Israel)
(Italy)
(Jamaica)
(Japan)
(Jordan)
(Kazakhstan)
(Kenya)
(Kosovo)
(Kuwait)
(Kyrgyz Rep)
(LaoPDR)
(Latvia)
(Lebanon)
(Libya)
(Lithuania)
(Luxembourg)
(Macedonia)
(Madagascar)
(Malaysia)
(Malta)
(Mauritius)
(Mexico)
(Moldova)
(Mongolia)
(Montenegro)
(Morocco)
(Mozambique)
(Myanmar)
(Namibia)
(Nepal)
(Netherlands)
(New Zealand)
(Nicaragua)
(Niger)
(Nigeria)
(North Korea)
(Norway)
(Oman)
(Pakistan)
(Panama)
(Paraguay)
(Peru)
(Philippines)
(Poland)
(Portugal)
(Qatar)
(Romania)
(Russia)
(Rwanda)
(Saudi Arabia)
(Senegal)
(Serbia)
(Singapore)
(Slovakia)
(Slovenia)
(South Korea)
(South Africa)
(South Sudan)
(Spain)
(Sri Lanka)
(Sudan)
(Suriname)
(Sweden)
(Switzerland)
(Syria)
(Taiwan)
(Tajikistan)
(Tanzania)
(Thailand)
(Togo)
(Trinidad-Tobago)
(Tunisia)
(Turkiye)
(Turkmenistan)
(UAE)
(Uganda)
(Ukraine)
(United Kingdom)
(United States)
(Uruguay)
(Uzbekistan)
(Venezuela)
(Vietnam)
(Yemen)
(Zambia)
(Zimbabwe)
Interactive map with these infographics (link)
149-country xlsx-spreadsheets (149-Countries.xlsx)
Diagram of WWS Generators, Storage, and Equipment 100% WWS (pdf)
Timeline to transition 149 countries to 100% WWS (pdf)
New land area needed to transition 149 countries to 100% WWS (pdf)
Change in CO2 upon implementing WWS (pdf)
Webinar slides summarizing CC/DAC results from study (pdf)
Related paper: Effects of firebricks for industrial process heat on the cost of matching all-sector energy demand with 100% wind-water-solar supply in 149 countries (PNAS Nexus, 2024) (pdf)
Book on 100% WWS: Still No Miracles Needed: How Today's Technology Can Save Our Climate and Clean Our Air (link)
Textbook: 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything (link)
Previous 145-, 143-, and 139-Country 100% WWS Studies (link)
Previous 50-U.S.-State 100% WWS Studies (link)
Previous Town and City 100% WWS Studies (link)
Original 100% WWS roadmap study for the world (2009) and the scientific basis for the Green New Deal (link)
Original 2008 paper justifying the use of 100% WWS (link)
More grid integration studies showing 100% reliability of 100% WWS in the U.S. and Worldwide (link)
Abstract of and links to 100% WWS roadmap and grid reliability papers (pdf)
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