Melvyn Dubofsky, "The Federal Judiciary, Free Labor, and Free Rights," in The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s, 166-67.
Thomas Frank, "The Leviathan with Tentacles of Steel: Railroads in the Minds of Kansas Populists," Western Historical Quarterly 20 (Feb. 1989): 46.
Salvatore, Debs, 100.
Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (New York: Cambridge, 1998), 81-82.
American Railway Union, Union Pacific Employes' Magazine, July 1893, pp. 178-79.
Hirsch, "Search for Unity among Railroad Workers," 43-44.