Chandler, Visible Hand, 120-21, 160.
Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Daniel M. G. Raff, and Peter Temin, "Beyond Marketsand Hierarchies: Toward a New Synthesis of American Business History," American Historical Review 108 (April 2003): 404-33.
Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Daniel M. G. Raff, and Peter Temin, "Against Whig History," Enterprise and Society 5 (Sept. 2004): 376-87.
Guinnane et al., "Putting the Corporation in Its Place," 689, 693-94, 697-98, 704-5, 709.
Maury Klein, The Life and Legend of Jay Gould (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1986), 93, 146, 195.
Norris, Octopus, 32-33.