Northern Pacific R.R. Last Spike Ceremonies, Programme of Exercises, Portland, Oregon, Sept. 10, 11, 1883, Scrapbook Northern Pacific Opening Excursion, Sept.-Oct. 1883, box 52a, Villard Papers.
Memorandum, undated, unsigned, box 2, f. 20, Villard Papers.
Charles Francis Adams, "Which Will Quickest Solve the Railroad Question: Force bills or Public Opinion?" Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Sept. 3, 1875, in Charles Francis Adams, Railway Pamphlets, Stanford University Library, 7-11.
Berk, in Alternative Track finds a reduction of 27 percent, but lumps the reorganizations before 1893 with those afterwards.
Albro Martin, Railroads and the Equity Receivership, 685-709.
Tufano, Business Failure, 22-26.