By 1891 75 percent to 80 percent of the Northern Pacific freight cars had air brakes.
Usselman, Regulating Railroad Innovation, 130-38, 280-85.
Aldrich, Death Rode the Rails, 114-15.
Fast freight lines also used air brakes.
Mahl to CPH, Jan. 12, 1889, CPH Papers, ser. 1, r. 47.
Adams to Rastus Ransom, March 26, 1886, UP, PO, OC, vol. 34, ser. 2, r. 29.
White, American Freight Car, 541.
White, American Freight Car, 528, 530, 539, 543-45.
Aldrich, Death Rode the Rails, 114-15.
Henry Cabot Lodge, "A Perilous Business and Its Remedy," North American Review 154 (Feb. 1892): 189-95.
Seung-Wook Kim, Accident Risk and Railroad Worker Compensation: An Historical Study, 1880-1945 (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Georgia, 1988), 4-5, 38, 45, 48-49, 50.
Usselman, "Lure of Technology," 292-93, 298.