Ripley, Railroads: Rates and Regulation, 106-8.
Ripley, Railroads: Rates and Regulation, 108.
Richard A. Posner, Natural Monopoly and Its Regulation, Stanford Law Review 21, no. 3 (Feb. 1969): 570.
Joseph Schumpeter et al., "Railway Rate Making: A Discussion," American Economic Review 4 (March 1914): 81.
Albert Wilbur to George Wilbur, April 25, 1883, box 13, f. 268, Albert Wilbur to George Wilbur, Aug. 29, 1881, box 13, f. 271, Albert Wilbur to George Wilbur, Nov. 17, 1881, box 13, f. 271, Wilbur Papers.
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Transportation to the Legislature of the State of California, Dec. 1877 (Sacramento: F. P. Thompson, 1877), 26, 28, 69.
George H. Tinkham, A History of Stockton from Its Organization to the Present Time . . . (San Francisco: Wm. Hinton, 1880), 327-29.
As will be discussed later, these rates are in a sense a fiction, since they were not applied evenly to all shippers. Negotiations produced rebates. Still, the rates are analytically useful because they establish the base point for negotiations, and only very large rebates would change the relationship between one place and another, although they certainly altered the competitive relationship of shippers in the same place. For through rates, see No. 23, Through Freight Tariff Southern Pacific Railroad to Take Effect July 29, 1877 between San Francisco and Stations Named Below. Through rates also were in effect from Stockton, Lathrop, San Jose, and Oakland.